ὅρκος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[the object by which one swears]], as the Styx among the gods, Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅς τε μέγιστος ὅ. δεινότατός τε πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι <span class="bibl">Il. 15.38</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.755</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>400</span>,<span class="bibl">784</span>,<span class="bibl">805</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>259</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>983b31</span>; or as Zeus among mortals, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.167</span>; so of things, ὅρκον δ' ἐνοσφίσθης μέγαν, ἅλας τε καὶ τράπεζαν <span class="bibl">Archil.96</span>; οἷς ἦν μέγιστος ὅ . .. κύων, ἔπειτα χήν <span class="bibl">Cratin.231</span>, cf. <span class="title">Placit.</span>1.3.8 : hence, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[oath]], mostly with [[epithet]] [[μέγας]], [[καρτερός]], Hom. (v. infr.), etc.; <b class="b3">θεῶν ὅ</b>. [[an oath by]] the gods, <span class="bibl">Od.2.377</span>; μακάρων ὅ. <span class="bibl">10.299</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>647</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 657</span>; ὅ. ἐκ θεῶν μέγας <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1284</span>; ὅ. κατὰ τῶν . . ὀφθαλμῶν <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.153</span>; <b class="b3">ὅ. πλατύς</b> [[a]] firm-based [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Emp.30.3</span>; <b class="b3">ὅρκον ὀμόσαι</b> swear [[an oath]], ὄμοσέν τε τελεύτησέν τε τὸν ὅ. <span class="bibl">Od.2.378</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ὅ. ἀπώμνυ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">377</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">10.381</span>; ἐπὶ δ' ὅρκον ὀμεῖται <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>194</span>; κατομόσαι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>790</span>; <b class="b3">ὅ. ἐπιορκῆσαι</b> take a false [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.115</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ὅρκου προστεθέντος</b> when [[an oath]] is added, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>472</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>47</span>; <b class="b3">δαίμονι τῷ Πλεισθενιδῶν ὅρκους θεμένη</b> having made a [[sworn compact]] with... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1570</span> (anap.); ὅ. ἀλλήλοις ποιοῦνται οἱ μὲν ἔφοροι ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως, βασιλεὺς δ' ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Lac.</span>15.7</span>; ὅρκους συνῆψαν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1241</span>, etc.; of the person demanding the oath, <b class="b3">ὅ. ἑλέσθαι τινός</b> or [[τινί]] take [[it]] of him, i.e. make him swear, <span class="bibl">Od.4.746</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.22.119</span>; <b class="b3">ὅρκους ἐπελάσαι</b> and <b class="b3">προσάγειν τινί</b> lay [[oath]] upon a man, put him on [[his oath]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.146</span>, <span class="bibl">6.62</span>,<span class="bibl">74</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν ὅ… ἐπάγειν . . Ὀποντίοις</b> readminister [[the oath]], IG9(1).334.12 (Locr., v B. C.); <b class="b3">ὅρκους δοὺς καὶ δεξάμενος</b> after tendering [[his oath]] to them and accepting theirs, <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.23</span>, cf. <span class="title">IG</span>12.52.18, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span> 429</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>589</span>, <span class="bibl">D.39.3</span> and 4; so ὅρκον διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Rh.</span>1377a7</span>, <span class="bibl">8</span>; [[ἀποδοῦναι]] take [[it]] oneself, <span class="bibl">D.19.318</span>, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.74</span>; [[ἀπολαμβάνειν]] administer or tender [[it]], <span class="bibl">D.5.9</span>, <span class="bibl">18.25</span>; <b class="b3">ὅρκους καὶ πίστιν ἀλλήλοις δότε</b> [[swear to]] one another, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>1185</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">And.1.107</span>; <b class="b3">ὅρκοις καταλαβὼν τὰ τέλη</b> having bound the authorities [[by oaths]], <span class="bibl">Th. 4.86</span>; ὅρκοις κατειλημμένους <span class="bibl">Id.1.9</span>; <b class="b3">ὅρκῳ ἐμμένειν</b> abide by it, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>754</span>; ὅ. τηρεῖν <span class="bibl">Democr.239</span>; παραβαίνειν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>286.7</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span> 332</span>, <span class="bibl">D.19.318</span>; ἐκβάντι τῶν ὅ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>183b</span>; ἐκλιπεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1194</span>; συγχέαι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1063</span>; ἐμπεδοῦν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.10</span>: after [[ὅρκος]] aor., pres., or fut. inf. may refer to fut. time, ὤμοσα καρτερὸν ὅ., μὴ . . ἀναφῆναι <span class="bibl">Od.4.253</span>; <b class="b3">ἐμεῦ δ' ἕλετο μέγαν ὅ., μὴ πρὶν σοὶ ἐρέειν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">746</span>; ὅρκους ἔδοσαν καὶ ἔλαβον, ἀποδοῦναι... Ἀθηναίους δὲ μὴ πολεμεῖν . . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>1.3.9</span> : with Preps., οὐκ αὔτως... ἀλλὰ σὺν ὅρκῳ <span class="bibl">Od.14.151</span>; σὺν θεῶν ὅρκῳ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.3.12</span>; <b class="b3">εἶπαι ἐπ' ὅρκου</b> say on [[oath]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.11</span>; κατὰ τοὺς ὅ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.54</span>; opp. παρ' ὅρκον <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.83</span>; παρὰ τοὺς ὅ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.41</span>: [[proverb|prov.]], ὅρκους ἐγὼ γυναικὸς εἰς ὕδωρ γράφω <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>811</span>; parodied by <span class="bibl">Philonid. 7</span> <b class="b3">ὅρκους δὲ μοιχῶν εἰς τέφραν . . γράφω</b>, cf. <span class="bibl">Xenarch.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Men. <span class="title">Mon.</span>25</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> [[Ὅρκος]], personified, son of Eris, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>804</span>; a divinity who punishes the false and perjured, ib.<span class="bibl">219</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>231</span>, Orac. ap.<span class="bibl">Hdt.6.86</span>.γ; <b class="b3">Διὸς Ὅ</b>., as servant of Zeus, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1767</span> (anap.). (Cogn. with [[ἕρκος]].) </span>

|auten=(1) [[that]] by [[which]] [[one]] swears, [[witness]] of an [[oath]], [[for]] the gods the [[Styx]]; [[for]] men [[Zeus]], [[Earth]], the Ermnyes, etc., Il. 2.755, Il. 15.38, Il. 3.276 ff., Il. 19.258 ff., Od. 14.394; [[Achilles]] swears by his [[sceptre]], Il. 1.234.—(2) [[oath]]; [[ἑλέσθαι]] τινός or τινί, ‘[[take]] an [[oath]] [[from]] [[one]],’ Il. 22.119, Od. 4.746 ; [[ὅρκος]] [[θεῶν]], ‘by the gods,’ cf. Il. 20.313 ; [[γερούσιος]] [[ὅρκος]], Il. 22.119; ὅρκῳ πιστωθῆναι, Od. 15.436.

|ftr='''ὅρκος''': {hórkos}<br />'''Grammar''': m.<br />'''Meaning''': [[Eid]] (seit Il.), [[Schwurgegenstand]], urspr. vom Wasser des Styx (Β 755, Hes., ''h''. ''Cer''. 259).<br />'''Composita''' : Kompp., z.B. [[ὁρκωμότης]] m. [[der einen Eid schwört]] (ark., lokr. Inschr. VI—V^a) mit [[ὁρκωμοτέω]] [[einen Eid schwören]] (Trag. u.a.), Zusammenbildung aus ὅρκον [[ὀμόσαι]] mit τη-Suffix; [[εὔορκος]] [[richtig schwörend]], [[seinem Eide treu]] (seit Hes.) mit [[εὐορκέω]], [[ἔνορκος]] [[eidlich verpflichtet]] (att. usw.) mit [[ἐνορκίζομαι]] [[eidlich verpflichten]]; aber [[ἔξορκος]] [[geschworen]] (Pi.) Rückbildung aus [[ἐξορκόω]], -ορκίζω; zu [[ἐπίορκος]] s. bes.; [[πεντορκία]] f. "Fünfeidesleistung", [[Schwur bei fünf Göttern]] (lokr. V^a), Zusammenbildung mit ία-Suffix.<br />'''Derivative''': Ableitungen: 1. ὅρκια pl., selten -ιον n. [[Schwurgegenstände]], [[Eidesunterpfände]], [[Eidopfertiere]], [[Eid]], [[feierlicher Vertrag]] (seit Il.), [[ὅρκιος]] [[zum Eid gehörig]], [[beim Eid angerufen]], [[Eideshort]] (att., ''Leg''. ''Gort''.). 2. [[ὁρκικός]] [[zum Eid gehörig]] (Stoik.). 3. [[ὁρκόω]], -ῶσαι, oft m. ἐξ-, [[schwören lassen]], [[vereidigen]] (ion. att.) mit ὁρκώματα pl. [[Eide]] (A.), [[ὁρκωτής]] m. [[der schwören läßt]], [[Vereidiger]] (att.; vgl. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 199 f.), [[ἐξόρκωσις]] f. [[Vereidigung Beschwörung]] (Hdt., J.). 4. [[ὁρκίζω]], -ίσαι, dor. Fut. ὁρκιξεω (delph.), auch m. δι-, ἐξ-, [[schwören lassen]], [[beeidigen]], [[beschwören]] (ion., X., D., hell. u. sp., auch dor., s. Fraenkel Denom. 86 u. 147) mit ὁρκίσματα pl. [[Beschwörungen]] (Megara I—II^p), (δι-, ἐξ-)-[[ὁρκισμός]] m. [[Vereidigung]], [[Beschwörung]] (LXX, Plb.), [[ἐξορκιστής]] m. [[Beschwörer]] (''Act'' ''Ap''. u.a.). 5. [[ὁρκίλλομαι]] [[umsonst schwören]] (Phot.), wie von demin.-pejor. *ὁρκίλος. 6. -ορκέω nur in Abl. von Kompp. mit Analogiebildungen: [[εὐορκέω]] (mit [[εὐορκία]]) von [[εὔορκος]](s.ob.), [[ψευδορκέω]] von [[ψεύδορκος]] (Risch IF 59, 258), wozu ἐμπεδ-, ἀληθ-, [[δυσ-]], [[παρορκέω]] u.a.; zu [[ἐπιορκέω]] s. bes. — Für sich steht, mit ganz abweichender Bed. [[ὁρκάνη]] f. [[Umzäunung]] (A. in lyr., E. in troch.) neben spätem [[ἑρκάνη]] wie Ὀργάνη neben Ἐργάνη (s. zu [[ὄργανον]] und [[ἔργον]]); dazu noch Ὅρκατος ON (Kalymna II^a), s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 147.<br />'''Etymology''' : Formal schließt sich [[ὅρκος]] ungesucht an [[ἕρκος]] [[Gehege]] (so schon Eust. u. ''EM''); es wäre somit eig. s.v.a. "Schranken, die man sich auferlegt" (Solmsen KZ 32, 275), "Einschränkung, Band, Verpflichtung"; eine solche Bed. ist tatsächlich in ὅρκοι· δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος H. vorhanden; vgl. noch [[ὁρκάνη]]. Eine überzeugende Begründung steht indessen noch aus. Verschiedene Versuche von Schroeder (bei WP. 2, 528) : [[ὅρκος]] eig. "das Festmachen" neben [[ἕρκος]] "Verpfählung"; von Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge" 90ff. (s. auch Weltansicht und Geistesleben 86 ff.): [[ὅρκος]] eig. eine magische Kraft, die den Schwörenden einhegt (*ἕρκει); von Bollack REGr. 71, 1ff. : [[ὅρκος]] urspr. = [[Στύξ]], als weltumfassendes Gehege ([[μέγας]] [[ὅρκος]]) aufgefaßt; s. noch Hiersche ebd. 35 ff. — Neue Etymologie von Leumann Hom. Wörter 91 f.: [[ὅρκος]] = lat. *''sorcus'' od. *''surcus'' in ''surculus'' [[Zweig]] (anders über ''surculus'' [:''surus'' [[Zweig]] z.B. W.-Hofmann s.v.); also eig. [[der Stab]], [[der bei einer Eidesleistung erhoben wird]]; [[ὄμνυμι]] [[schwören]] eig. *’ergreifen’; ὅρκον [[ὀμόσαι]] [[den Stab ergreifen]] (θεοὺς [[ὀμόσαι]] Nachbildung). Kritik bei Luther, Bollack u. Hiersche a.a.O.; vgl. noch die Lit. zu [[ὄμνυμι]]. Weiteres s. [[ἕρκος]].<br />'''Page''' 2,418-419

|sngr='''原文音譯'''：Órkoj 何而可士<br />'''詞類次數'''：名詞（10）<br />'''原文字根'''：發誓 相當於： （[[אָלָה]]&#x200E;）  （[[שֶׁבַע]]&#x200E;）<br />'''字義溯源'''：確定，界線，起誓，誓，誓言；源自（[[αἴξ]] / [[ἔριφος]]）X*=巧辯）；或源自（[[ὅριον]]）=界限），而 （[[ὅριον]]）出自（[[ὄρος]]）X=範圍，策勵*）。參讀 （[[ὄμνυμι]] / [[ὀμνύω]]）同源字<br />'''出現次數'''：總共（10）；太（4）；可（1）；路（1）；徒（1）；來（2）；雅（1）<br />'''譯字彙編'''：<br />1） 誓（5） 太5:33； 太14:7； 太14:9； 路1:73； 雅5:12；<br />2） 就起誓（1） 來6:17；<br />3） 所起的誓（1） 來6:16；<br />4） 誓言（1） 可6:26；<br />5） 起誓說（1） 太26:72；<br />6） 用誓言（1） 徒2:30