σάρξ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=gen. [[σαρκός]], ἡ, Aeol. σύρξ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>708.31</span>:—<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[flesh]], Hom. always in plural, exc. <span class="bibl">Od.19.450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>364</span>,<span class="bibl">461</span>; κορέει κύνας . . δημῷ καὶ σάρκεσσι <span class="bibl">Il.8.380</span>; ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα <span class="bibl">Od.9.293</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">11.219</span>; σάρκες περιτρομέοντο μέλεσσιν <span class="bibl">18.77</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>538</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>168</span>, etc.; τούτου σάρκας λύκοι πάσονται <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>1040</span>; ὀπτὰς σάρκας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1097</span>; σάρκες δ' ἀπ' ὀστέων . . ἀπέρρεον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1200</span>; sometimes to represent the whole body, μήτε γῆ δέξαιτό μου σάρκας θανόντος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1031</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1239</span>,<span class="bibl">1343</span> (anap.): sg. later in same sense, <b class="b3">τοῦ αἵματος . . πηγνυμένου σ. γίνεται</b> (of the foetus) <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Nat.Puer.</span>15</span>, cf.<span class="title">Steril.</span>233; κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χάριν ἐμᾶς σαρκὸς αἰόλας <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1157</span> (lyr.); ἔδαπτον σάρκα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span> 1189</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>1136</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyc.</span>344</span>, etc.: also collectively, of the [[body]], γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ' ἡβῶσαν φέρει <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>622</span>; σαρκὶ παλαιᾶ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>72</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">σαρκὸς περιβόλαια, ἐνδυτά</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>1269</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ba.</span>746</span>:—Pl. uses sg. and pl. in much the same manner, ταῖς σαρξὶ σάρκες προσγένωνται <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>96d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>211e</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>556d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>518c</span>, etc.; τῆς σαρκὸς διαλυτικόν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>60b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">61c</span>, <span class="bibl">62b</span>, etc.: [[portions of meat]], usually in plural, σάρκας τρεῖς <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).237.17 (Amorgos) (sg., ib.12(2).498.16 (Methymna, iii B.C.)); but, [[pieces of flesh]] or [[membrane]], βήσσοντα . . ὥστε σάρκας ἐνπύους . . ἀποβάλλειν <span class="title">SIG</span> 1171.5 (Lebena). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">εἰς σάρκα πημαίνειν</b> to the [[quick]], Phld.<span class="title">Herc.</span> 1289p.60V. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">ἡ σ. τοῦ σκύτεος</b> the [[inner]] or [[flesh-side]] of leather, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Art.</span>33</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[fleshy]], [[pulpy substance of fruit]], <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">CP</span>6.8.5</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HP</span>1.2.6</span>, <span class="bibl">4.15.1</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> the [[flesh]], as the seat of the affections and lusts, [[fleshly nature]], ἐν τῇ σ. ἡ ἡδονή <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Sent.</span>18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Sent.Vat.</span> 33</span>; [[ἀδούλωτον]] (prob. l.) τῇ σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς ταύτης πάθεσι Plu.2.107f, cf. 101b; freq. in [[NT]], Ep.Gal.5.19, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in [[NT]] also, the [[body]], τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοια <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>13.14</span>; οὔτε ἡ σ. αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>2.31</span>, etc.: hence (partly as a Hebraism) <b class="b3">πᾶσα σάρξ</b>, = every-[[body]], <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>6.12</span>, al., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>3.6</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ . . πᾶσα σάρξ</b> no<b class="b2">body, Ev. Matt</b>.<span class="bibl">24.22</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> the [[physical]] or [[natural order]] of things, opp. the spiritual or supernatural, σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>1.26</span>; ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Phil.</span>3.3</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων καὶ πάσης σ</b>. <span class="title">SIG</span>1181.3 (ii B.C., Jewish). (Perh. I.-E. <b class="b2">twrk̂-</b> 'portion', cf. Avest. θ<b class="b2">warəs-</b> 'cut'.)</span>

|sltr=[[σάρξ]] pl. <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b> [[flesh]] “καὶ τότ' ἐγὼ σαρκῶν τ ἐνοπὰν λτ;γτ; ἠδ ὀστέων στεναγμὸν βαρύν” (of Herakles, [[devouring]] an ox) fr. 168. 5. διοίγετο σάρκες fr. 246b.

|astxt=[[σάρξ]], σαρκός, ἡ [in LXX [[chiefly]] for בָּשָׂר;] <br />[[flesh]];<br /><b class="num">1.</b>as in cl. [[generally]],<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[prop]]., of the [[soft]] [[substance]] of the [[animal]] [[body]]: I Co 15:39, II Co 12:7, Ga 6:13, al.; σ. καὶ [[αἷμα]], I Co 5:50; σ. καὶ ὀστέα, Lk 24:39; pl., of the [[flesh]] of [[many]] or parts of the [[flesh]] of [[one]] (cl.), Re 17:16 19:18; [[φαγεῖν]], Re, ll. c. (cf. κατεσθίειν, IV Ki 9:36, al., and βιβρώσκειν, freq. in l.); metaph., Ja 5:3; mystically, φ. (τρώγειν) τὴν σ. [[τοῦ]] υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου,Jo 6:52-56; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>Of the [[whole]] [[substance]] of the [[body]], = [[σῶμα]]: Ac 2:26 (LXX), 31, II Co 12:7, Ga 4:14, Eph 5:29; [[μία]] σ., Mk 10:8; [[εἰς]] σ. μίαν (Ge 2:24), Mt 19:5, Mk 10:8, I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31; [[hence]], of the [[material]] as opp. to the [[immaterial]] [[part]] of [[man]] (cf. Lft., Notes, 88): opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], I Co 5:5, II Co 7:1, Col 2:5, I Pe 3:18, 4:6; to ψύχη, Ac 2:31, Rec.; of the [[present]] [[life]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ro 7:5, Ga 2:20, Phl 1:22, 24 I Pe 4:2; of Christ's [[life]] on [[earth]], αἱ ἡμέραι τ. σαρκὸς [[αὐτοῦ]], He 5:7; of things pertaining to the [[body]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ga 6:12, 13 Phl 3:3, 4. <br /><b class="num">2.</b>As in Heb. idiom,<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>of a [[living]] [[creature]]: [[πᾶσα]] σ. (Heb. כָּל־בָּשָׂר; cf. Bl., §47, 9), Mt 24:22, Mk 13:20, I Pe 1:24; especially of [[man]] and his [[mortality]] (Ps 55 (56):5, Si 28:5, al.), Jo 1:14; [[πᾶσα]] σ. (v. supr.), Lk 3:6, Jo 17:2, Ac 2:17, ἐν σ., I Jo 4:2, I Ti 3:16; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>of [[natural]] [[origin]] and [[relationship]] (Ge 2:24, Is 58:7, al.): τέκνα τῆς σ., Ro 9:8; κατὰ σάρκα, ib. 3, 5, I Co 10:18, Ga 4:23, 29; ἡ σ. μου, Ro 11:14 (cf. Jg 9:2, II Ki 5:1, al.). <br /><b class="num">3.</b>Of the [[physical]] [[nature]] as [[subject]] to [[sensation]] and [[desire]] (Plut.),<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[without]] [[any]] [[ethical]] [[disparagement]]: Ro 7:18 13:14; opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], Mt 26:41, Mk 14:38; τ. [[θέλημα]] τῆς σ., Jo 1:13; ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῆς σ., I Jo 2:16; pl., II Pe 2:18; [[παθεῖν]] σαρκί, I Pe 4:1; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>in [[ethical]] [[sense]], especially in Pauline Epp., of the [[flesh]] as the [[seat]] and [[vehicle]] of [[sinful]] desires: opp. to [[νοῦς]], Ro 7:25; to [[πνεῦμα]], Ro 8:4-9, 12, 13, Ga 5:16, 17 19 6:8 (cf. DB, ii, 14f.; iv, 165f.; Cremer, 844ff.).

|elnltext=σάρξ σαρκός, ἡ vlees, bij Hom. vaak plur.; vlezig deel. Hp. Art. 33. lichaam, steeds sing.: γέροντα τὸν νοῦν, σάρκα δ ’ ἡβῶσαν φύει (Lasthenes), een rijp man qua geest, maar hij heeft een lichaam in de kracht van zijn jeugd Aeschl. Sept. 622; σάρξ παλαιά het oude lijf Aeschl. Ag. 72. spec. NT lichamelijke natuur, menselijke natuur:; ἡ ἐπιθυμία τῆς σαρκός de lichamelijke begeerte NT 1 Io. 2.16; σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wijs naar menselijke maatstaf NT 1 Cor. 1.26; mens (van vlees en bloed). οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ geen enkele mens NT Marc. 13.20; ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο het woord is vlees geworden NT Io. 1.14; ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ tijdens zijn aardse leven NT Hebr. 5.7.

|etymtx=σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">flesh, piece(s) of meat</b> (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. [[σύρκες]] pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) [[fleshy]], [[made of flesh]]; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[flesh-like]] (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σαρκός with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σαρκός (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) [[to make fleshy]], [[to change into flesh]] with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b>, pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] (<b class="b2">upa-</b>, <b class="b2">us-</b> a. o.), as simplex <b class="b2">shape, create, destine etc.</b>, IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] [[pars]], [[piece of meat]] to [[κείρω]] [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before k] is discussed; s. however on [[σάκος]]): to <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b> in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. <b class="b2">tvaṣṭar-</b> contains a zero grade (with a < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. <b class="b2">ʮworǝštar-</b> (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From [[σάρξ]] Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).<br />σαρκός<br />Grammatical information: f., often pl. (Hom almost only).<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">flesh, piece(s) of meat</b> (Il.); on the number Schw.-Debrunner 43, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2,30.<br />Other forms: Aeol. [[σύρκες]] pl. H., EM; on the phonetics Schwyzer 308.<br />Compounds: Many compp., e.g. <b class="b3">σαρκο-φάγος</b> [[eating flesh]] (Arist.), <b class="b3">λίθος σαρκοφάγος</b> des. of a stone broken near Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral monuments and would have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin. a. o.); on the debated physiological-chemical proces s. R. Müller in Kretschmer Glotta 22, 265; from there [[coffin]] (inscr.), Lat. LW [loanword] [[sarcophagus]], OHG [[sarch]] etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ-σαρκος</b> [[without flesh]], [[thin]] (IA.); on the 2. member extens. Sommer Nominalkomp. 94 f.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίον</b> (Hp., Arist. a. o.), <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist. etc.) n. [[piece of flesh]], <b class="b3">-ίς</b> f. [[meat]], [[food]] (late pap.); <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> f. name of a stone (Plin.; after the colour, Redard 60). 2. <b class="b3">σάρκ-ινος</b> (Att. etc.), <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (hell. a. late), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (late) [[fleshy]], [[made of flesh]]; <b class="b3">-ώδης</b> [[flesh-like]] (Hp., X. etc.), <b class="b3">-ήρης</b> [[consisting of flesh]] (Trag. Adesp.). 3a <b class="b3">σαρκ-ίζω</b> [[to scrape clean of flesh]] (Hdt.; on the privative meaning Hudson-Williams ClassRev. 26, 122f.; not correct Schwyzer 736), <b class="b3">περι-</b> σάρξ with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (medic.), <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> σάρξ (LXX); b. <b class="b3">-όω</b> (<b class="b3">περι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b> a. o.) [[to make fleshy]], [[to change into flesh]] with <b class="b3">-ωμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ωσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ωτικός</b> (medic. a. o.); c. <b class="b3">-άζω</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1102] <b class="b2">*tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> [[cut]]<br />Etymology: Acc. to a general, very acceptable view (since v. Bradke ZDMG 40, 752) to Av. <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b>, pres. [[ʮwǝrǝsaiti]] prop. [[cut]] (<b class="b2">upa-</b>, <b class="b2">us-</b> a. o.), as simplex <b class="b2">shape, create, destine etc.</b>, IE <b class="b2">tu̯r̥ḱ-</b> (WP. 1, 751, Pok. 1102); so prop. *'slice' as Lat. [[carō]] <b class="b2">(piece) of meat</b> = Umbr. [[karu]] [[pars]], [[piece of meat]] to [[κείρω]] [[cut]] etc. Other argumentation by Risch Sprache 7, 93 ff. (where also Hitt. [[tuekkaš]] [[body]] [with assumed loss of [[r]] before k] is discussed; s. however on [[σάκος]]): to <b class="b2">ʮwarǝs-</b> in the (clearly secondary) meaning [[create]], [[build]]; so "flesh as what gives the human body shape and form"; certainly not to be preferred. -- Thus also Lubotsky, Sprache 36 (1994) 94-102, who shows that Skt. <b class="b2">tvaṣṭar-</b> contains a zero grade (with a < <b class="b2">r̥</b>), like Av. <b class="b2">ʮworǝštar-</b> (from <b class="b2">*ʮwǝrǝštar-</b>). OIr. [[torc]] [[boar]] has the same origin, for which he reconstructs <b class="b2">*turḱos</b>. L. discusses also the rise of <b class="b3">-αρ-</b>, <b class="b3">-υρ-</b> (rejecting a reconstr. <b class="b2">*tu̯orḱ-</b>). - From [[σάρξ]] Alb. [[šark]] [[flesh of a fruit]] (Jokl IF 44, 13 ff.).

|sngr='''原文音譯'''：s£rx 沙而克士<br />'''詞類次數'''：名詞（151）<br />'''原文字根'''：肉體 相當於： （[[בָּשָׂר]]&#x200E;）<br />'''字義溯源'''：肉體*，肉身，肉，血氣，身體，體，情慾，屬肉，人類，必死的性質，肉體的生命；或出自（[[σαρόω]]）=打掃）。這字是指：身體，肉身，肉體，人，個人。描寫人在地上的光景，滿了罪惡的性情<br />'''同源字'''：1） （[[σαρκικός]]）屬肉體的 2） （[[σάρκινος]]）肉體的 3） （[[σάρξ]]）肉體<br />'''出現次數'''：總共（149）；太（5）；可（4）；路（2）；約（13）；徒（3）；羅（26）；林前（12）；林後（11）；加（18）；弗（10）；腓（5）；西（9）；提前（1）；門（1）；來（6）；雅（1）；彼前（7）；彼後（2）；約壹（2）；約貳（1）；猶（3）；啓（7）<br />'''譯字彙編'''：<br />1） 肉體（55） 太26:41； 可14:38； 約6:63； 羅2:28； 羅4:1； 羅6:19； 羅7:5； 羅7:18； 羅7:25； 羅8:3； 羅8:3； 羅8:3； 羅8:4； 羅8:5； 羅8:5； 羅8:6； 羅8:7； 羅8:8； 羅8:9； 羅8:12； 羅8:12； 羅8:13； 羅9:3； 羅9:5； 羅9:8； 羅13:14； 林前1:26； 林前5:5； 林前7:28； 林前10:18； 林前15:39； 林後5:16； 林後5:16； 加5:17； 加5:17； 加5:24； 加6:8； 加6:8； 加6:13； 弗2:3； 弗2:3； 弗2:11； 弗2:11； 腓3:3； 腓3:4； 腓3:4； 西2:13； 西2:18； 西2:23； 門1:16； 彼前1:24； 彼前3:18； 彼後2:10； 約壹2:16； 猶1:23；<br />2） 肉身（25） 約1:14； 約3:6； 約3:6； 約8:15； 徒2:26； 徒2:31； 羅1:3； 林後12:7； 加2:20； 加3:3； 加6:12； 弗6:5； 腓1:22； 腓1:24； 西1:24； 西2:1； 西2:5； 提前3:16； 來5:7； 來12:9； 彼前4:1； 彼前4:1； 彼前4:2； 約壹4:2； 約貳1:7；<br />3） 肉（22） 太16:17； 路24:39； 約6:51； 約6:52； 約6:53； 約6:54； 約6:55； 約6:56； 林前15:50； 弗5:30； 弗6:12； 西1:22； 西2:11； 來2:14； 雅5:3； 啓17:16； 啓19:18； 啓19:18； 啓19:18； 啓19:18； 啓19:18； 啓19:21；<br />4） 血氣（11） 太24:22； 約17:2； 徒2:17； 羅3:20； 林前1:29； 林後10:2； 林後10:3； 林後10:3； 林後11:18； 加4:23； 加4:29；<br />5） 身體（11） 林前15:39； 林後4:11； 林後7:1； 林後7:5； 加4:13； 加4:14； 弗2:15； 弗5:29； 來9:13； 來10:20； 猶1:8；<br />6） 體（9） 太19:5； 太19:6； 可10:7； 可10:8； 林前6:16； 林前15:39； 林前15:39； 林前15:39； 弗5:31；<br />7） 肉體的（5） 加5:16； 加5:19； 來9:10； 彼前3:21； 彼後2:18；<br />8） 情慾（3） 林後1:17； 加5:13； 猶1:7；<br />9） 有血氣的（2） 可13:20； 路3:6；<br />10） 肉身的（2） 約1:13； 西3:22；<br />11） 在肉體上（1） 彼前4:6；<br />12） 骨肉（1） 羅11:14；<br />13） 肉的（1） 加1:16；<br />14） 屬血氣的（1） 加2:16