ἀληθής: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ᾰ], Dor. ἀλᾱθής, ές, ([[λήθω]], <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> = [[λανθάνω]]: ἀληθὲς τὸ μὴ λήθῃ ὑποπῖπτον <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>62.51</span>):—[[unconcealed]], so [[true]], [[real]], opp. [[false]], [[apparent]]: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> Hom., opp. [[ψευδής]],in phrases <b class="b3">ἀληθέα μυθήσασθαι, εἰπεῖν, ἀγορεύειν, ἀληθὲς ἐνισπεῖν</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.6.382</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.13.254</span>, <span class="bibl">3.254</span>, <span class="bibl">247</span>, al.; in Hdt. and Att. <b class="b3">τὸ ἀληθές</b>, by Trag. crasis [[τἀληθές]], Ion. [[τὠληθές]] (<span class="bibl">Hdt.6.68</span>, <span class="bibl">69</span>), or <b class="b3">τὰ ἀληθῆ</b>, by crasis [[τἀληθῆ]], etc.; ἀληθέϊ λόγῳ χρᾶσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.14</span>, etc.; οἱ ἀληθέϊ λόγῳ βασιλέες <span class="bibl">1.120</span>; ἀληθεστάτη πρόφασις <span class="bibl">Th.1.23</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of persons, etc., [[truthful]], [[honest]] (not in Hom., v. infr.), ἀ. νόος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>2.92</span>; κατήγορος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>439</span>; κριτής <span class="bibl">Th.3.56</span>; <b class="b3">οἶνος ἀ</b>. `[[in vino veritas]]', <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>217e</span>; ὁ μέσος ἀ. τις <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span> 1108a20</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of oracles, [[true]], [[unerring]], ἀλαθέα μαντίων θῶκον <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">P.</span>11.6</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>993</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1537</span>; of dreams, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>710</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> of qualities or events, [[true]], [[real]], φίλος <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>424</span>; ἀ. τὸ πραχθέν <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.6</span>; [[genuine]], ἀ. εἶναι δεῖ τὸ σεμνόν, οὐ κενόν <span class="bibl">Men.596</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[realizing itself]], [[coming to fulfilment]], ἀρά <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>944</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> Adv. [[ἀληθῶς]], Ion. <b class="b3">-θέως</b>, [[truly]], <span class="bibl">Simon.5.1</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.11</span>, al., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>315</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[actually]], [[in reality]], <b class="b3">γένος τόδε Ζηνός ἐστιν ἀ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">585</span>; ἀ. οὐδὲν ἐξῃκασμένα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1244</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.1.22</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὴν ἀ. μουσικήν</b> (sc. [[οὖσαν]]) <span class="bibl">Antiph.209.6</span>:—<b class="b3">ὡς ἀ</b>. [[in the true way]], [[really]], <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>739</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>63a</span>, etc.; ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὡς ἀ. μήτηρ <span class="bibl">D.21.149</span>: Comp. -εστέρως <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">R.</span>347e</span>, -έστερον <span class="bibl">Antipho 3.3.4</span>: Sup. -έστατα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.8.1</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> neut. as Adv., proparox. <b class="b3">ἄληθες;</b> <b class="b2">indeed? really?</b> ironically, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span> 350</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>758</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>241</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>840</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Av.</span>174</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">τὸ ἀληθές</b> [[truly]], Ion. τὠληθές <span class="bibl">Herod.7.70</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> [[not forgetting]], [[careful]], γυνὴ χερνῆτις ἀ. <span class="bibl">Il.12.433</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Nonn.<span class="title">D.</span>24.233</span>:—the sense [[honest]] is post- Hom. ἀληθ-ίζω, [[dye with genuine purple]], PHolm.18.6. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> Med. <b class="b3">-ίζομαι</b>, = [[ἀληθεύω]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.136</span>, <span class="bibl">3.72</span>, Plu.2.230b, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.3.39</span>, <span class="bibl">59</span>.</span>

|btext=ής, ές :<br /><b>1</b> vrai, sincère, franc;<br /><b>2</b> loyal, juste, équitable;<br /><b>3</b> véridique : τὸ ἀληθές, τὰ ἀληθῆ la vérité;<br /><b>4</b> véritable, réel ; <i>adv.</i> • τὸ ἀληθές PLAT véritablement, en réalité ; <i>avec chang. d’accent dans les interr.</i> • [[ἄληθες]] ; vraiment ? en vérité ? réellement ? ; qui se réalise : ἀρὰ [[ἀληθής]] ESCHL malédiction qui s’accomplit.<br />'''Étymologie:''' ἀ, [[λαθεῖν]].

|dgtxt=-ές<br /><b class="num">• Alolema(s):</b> dór. ἀλᾱθής<br /><b class="num">• Prosodia:</b> [ᾰ-]<br /><b class="num">I</b> <b class="num">1</b>de palabras [[verdadero]] ἀ. λόγος Hdt.1.14, 120, Gorg.B 11a.26, Pl.<i>Cra</i>.385b, μῦθος Theoc.2.94.<br /><b class="num">2</b> de pers. [[veraz]], [[sincero]] Νηρέα δ' ἀψευδέα καὶ ἀληθέα Hes.<i>Th</i>.233, ἡ γλῶσσ' ἀληθὴς γίγνεται κατήγορος A.<i>Th</i>.439, τοὺς θεοὺς ... τίθης ... ἀληθεῖς S.<i>Ph</i>.993, ἀληθεῖς κριταί Th.3.56, οὐ σοφός, ἀληθὴς δ' ἐς φίλους no (soy) sabio, pero sí sincero con mis amigos</i> E.<i>Or</i>.424, περὶ μὲν οὖν τὸ ἀληθὲς ὁ μὲν μέσος [[ἀληθής]] τις respecto a la verdad, el término medio (virtuoso) es ser veraz</i> Arist.<i>EN</i> 1108^a20, ἁ ξείνα ... ἔστι δ' [[ἀλαθής]] Theoc.2.154<br /><b class="num">•</b>de Dios [[veraz]] Meth.<i>Symp</i>.221<br /><b class="num">•</b>pero [[verdadero]] Meth.<i>Arbitr</i>.15, c. hipálage ἀλαθέα μαντίων θῶκον sede de oráculos veraces</i> Pi.<i>P</i>.11.6, cf. [[proverb|prov.]] οἶνος ... [[ἀληθής]] Pl.<i>Smp</i>.217e<br /><b class="num">•</b>quizá tb. [[honesto]], [[honrado]] γυνὴ χερνῆτις [[ἀληθής]] una hilandera honrada</i>, <i>Il</i>.12.433<br /><b class="num">•</b>[[auténtico]], [[legítimo]] subst. οἱ ἀληθεῖς dicho de los ciudadanos cuyos padres también lo son, op. νόθος <i>IEryth</i>.2C.9 (V a.C.).<br /><b class="num">3</b> de cosas y abstr. [[real]], [[auténtico]], [[verdadero]], [[cierto]] βροτῶν δόξας, ταῖς οὐκ [[ἔνι]] πίστις [[ἀληθής]] Parm.B 1.30, Ἄρης ἀρὰν πατρῴαν τιθεὶς ἀλαθῆ Ares que hizo cierta la paterna maldición</i> A.<i>Th</i>.946, [[ἄγαν]] δ' ἀληθεῖς ἐνυπνίων φαντασμάτων ὄψεις A.<i>Th</i>.710, ὅπως τὸ πραχθὲν ᾖ ἀληθές para que se establezca la realidad de los hechos</i> Antipho 1.6, ἡ ἀληθεστάτη πρόφασις la causa más real</i> Th.1.23, ὁ δ' Ἐπίκουρος τὰ μὲν αἰσθητὰ πάντα ἔλεγεν ἀληθῆ καὶ ὄντα Epicuro decía que todas las cosas sensibles eran reales y existentes</i> Epicur.<i>Fr</i>.244U., τὠληθὲς ἢν θέλῃς ἔργον Herod.7.70, ἀληθὲς εἶναι [[δεῖ]] τὸ σεμνόν, οὐ κενόν Men.<i>Fr</i>.726, ἀληθεστάτη παιδείας ἐπιθυμία LXX <i>Sap</i>.6.17, ἀ. χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ 1<i>Ep.Petr</i>.5.12, ἀληθέα μέλπετο νίκην Nonn.<i>D</i>.24.233<br /><b class="num">•</b>pero [[sincero]] αὐδάσομαι ἐνόρκιον λόγον ἀλαθεῖ νόῳ entonaré con mente sincera unas palabras avaladas por mi juramento</i> Pi.<i>O</i>.2.92.<br /><b class="num">II</b> subst. τὸ ἀ.<br /><b class="num">1</b> c. verbos de ‘decir’ [[verdad]] ἀληθέα μυθήσασθαι <i>Il</i>.6.382, <i>Od</i>.14.125, 17.15, 18.342, <i>h.Cer</i>.121, ἀληθέα γηρύσασθαι Hes.<i>Th</i>.28, ἀληθέα πάντ' ἀγορεύσω <i>Od</i>.16.61, ἀληθέα [[εἰπεῖν]] <i>Od</i>.13.254, ἀληθὲς ἐνίσπες <i>Od</i>.3.247, σοφίη ἀληθέα λέγειν Heraclit.B 112, πῶς δῆτ' ἂν εἰπὼν κεδνὰ τἀληθῆ τύχοις; ¿cómo podrías decir venturas y alcanzar verdades?</i> A.<i>A</i>.622, οὐ τἀληθῆ ἔφη λέγειν Th.4.27, καλεῖς τι ἀληθῆ λέγειν καὶ ψευδῆ; Pl.<i>Cra</i>.385b, cf. <i>Prm</i>.161e.<br /><b class="num">2</b> en sent. ontológico [[realidad]], [[verdad]] (cf. ἀλήθεια II 3) ᾤοντο τἀληθὲς ἐν τῷ φαίνεσθαι creían que la realidad estaba en la apariencia</i> Arist.<i>GC</i> 315^b9, τὸ γὰρ ἀληθὲς εἶναι τὸ φαινόμενον Arist.<i>de An</i>.404^a28, τίνος ἔσται περὶ αὐτῶν [[ἄλλου]] τὸ θεωρῆσαι τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ ψεῦδος; ¿a quién competirá (e.e. sino al filósofo) estudiar la verdad y el error con respecto a ellas?</i> Arist.<i>Metaph</i>.997^a15, cf. 1001^a5, ἀδύνατον τἀληθὲς λαθεῖν Men.<i>Fr</i>.725, ὀμνύω τὴν τοῦ Κυρίου Κομμόδου Καίσαρος τύχην ἀληθῆ εἶναι juro por la suerte del emperador Cómodo que es verdad</i>, <i>BGU</i> 2019.28 (II d.C.).<br /><b class="num">III</b> usos adverb. del neutr. sg.<br /><b class="num">1</b> proparox., irón. ἄληθες; ¿de veras? ¡no me digas!</i> S.<i>OT</i> 350, <i>Ant</i>.758, E.<i>Cyc</i>.241, <i>Fr</i>.885 (= Ar.<i>Ra</i>.840), Ar.<i>Ach</i>.557, <i>Au</i>.174, <i>Eq</i>.89, <i>Pl</i>.123, 429.<br /><b class="num">2</b> [[en realidad]], [[verdaderamente]] τὸ δὲ ἀληθέστερον [[εἰπεῖν]] para decirlo de una manera más verdadera</i> Plu.<i>Ant</i>.66 τὸ δὲ ἀληθές en realidad</i>, <i>POxy</i>.2664.8 (III d.C.), <i>PAnt</i>.188.16 (VI/VII d.C.).<br /><b class="num">IV</b> adv. -ῶς, jón. -έως Simon.37.1, dór. ἀλαθέως Theoc.15.72<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[verdaderamente]], [[en verdad]] Simon.l.c., Hdt.1.11, A.<i>Supp</i>.315, Epicur.<i>Fr</i>.[59] 9, Theoc.l.c., <i>PLond</i>.1928.13, <i>POsl</i>.88.8 (ambos IV d.C.).<br /><b class="num">2</b> [[realmente]] γένος τόδε Ζηνός ἐστιν ἀληθῶς A.<i>Supp</i>.585, ἡ ἀληθῶς μουσική Antiph.207.6, ὡς ἀληθῶς E.<i>Or</i>.739, Pl.<i>Phd</i>.63a.<br /><b class="num">• Etimología:</b> De [[ἀ-]] priv. y raíz de λανθάνω.

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[true]], [[real]] (Il.).<br />Dialectal forms: Dor. [[ἀλαθής]]<br />Derivatives: [[ἀληθείη]], <b class="b3">-εία</b> and [[ἀλήθεια]] (younger, Schwyzer 469) [[truth]], [[reality]]. - Verb: [[ἀληθεύω]] [[speak the truth]] (S.)<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [651] <b class="b2">*leh₂dʰ-</b> [[be hidden]]<br />Etymology: [[ἀληθής]] can be a compound with [[α]] privativum and <b class="b3">*λῆθος</b>, Dor. [[λᾶθος]], or [[λήθη]], or [[λήθω]], with <b class="b3">λαθ-</b> meaning [[be hidden]], [[be unknown]]. Cf. W. Luther "Wahrheit" und "Lüge". Borna-Leipzig 1935; Frisk GHÅ 41 (1935 : 3), 18.