σάρξ: Difference between revisions

|astxt=[[σάρξ]], σαρκός, ἡ [in [[LXX]] [[chiefly]] for בָּשָׂר;] <br />[[flesh]];<br /><b class="num">1.</b>as in cl. [[generally]],<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[prop]]., of the [[soft]] [[substance]] of the [[animal]] [[body]]: I Co 15:39, II Co 12:7, Ga 6:13, al.; σ. καὶ [[αἷμα]], I Co 5:50; σ. καὶ ὀστέα, Lk 24:39; pl., of the [[flesh]] of [[many]] or parts of the [[flesh]] of [[one]] (cl.), Re 17:16 19:18; [[φαγεῖν]], Re, ll. c. (cf. κατεσθίειν, IV Ki 9:36, al., and βιβρώσκειν, freq. in l.); metaph., Ja 5:3; mystically, φ. (τρώγειν) τὴν σ. τοῦ υἱοῦ τ. ἀνθρώπου,Jo 6:52-56; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>Of the [[whole]] [[substance]] of the [[body]], = [[σῶμα]]: Ac 2:26 (LXX), 31, II Co 12:7, Ga 4:14, Eph 5:29; [[μία]] σ., Mk 10:8; [[εἰς]] σ. μίαν (Ge 2:24), Mt 19:5, Mk 10:8, I Co 6:16, Eph 5:31; [[hence]], of the [[material]] as opp. to the [[immaterial]] [[part]] of [[man]] (cf. Lft., Notes, 88): opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], I Co 5:5, II Co 7:1, Col 2:5, I Pe 3:18, 4:6; to ψύχη, Ac 2:31, Rec.; of the [[present]] [[life]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ro 7:5, Ga 2:20, Phl 1:22, 24 I Pe 4:2; of Christ's [[life]] on [[earth]], αἱ ἡμέραι τ. σαρκὸς [[αὐτοῦ]], He 5:7; of things pertaining to the [[body]], ἐν (τῇ) σ., Ga 6:12, 13 Phl 3:3, 4. <br /><b class="num">2.</b>As in Heb. idiom,<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>of a [[living]] [[creature]]: [[πᾶσα]] σ. (Heb. כָּל־בָּשָׂר; cf. Bl., §47, 9), Mt 24:22, Mk 13:20, I Pe 1:24; especially of [[man]] and his [[mortality]] (Ps 55 (56):5, Si 28:5, al.), Jo 1:14; [[πᾶσα]] σ. (v. supr.), Lk 3:6, Jo 17:2, Ac 2:17, ἐν σ., I Jo 4:2, I Ti 3:16; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>of [[natural]] [[origin]] and [[relationship]] (Ge 2:24, Is 58:7, al.): τέκνα τῆς σ., Ro 9:8; κατὰ σάρκα, ib. 3, 5, I Co 10:18, Ga 4:23, 29; ἡ σ. μου, Ro 11:14 (cf. Jg 9:2, II Ki 5:1, al.). <br /><b class="num">3.</b>Of the [[physical]] [[nature]] as [[subject]] to [[sensation]] and [[desire]] (Plut.),<br /><b class="num">(a)</b>[[without]] [[any]] [[ethical]] [[disparagement]]: Ro 7:18 13:14; opp. to [[πνεῦμα]], Mt 26:41, Mk 14:38; τ. [[θέλημα]] τῆς σ., Jo 1:13; ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῆς σ., I Jo 2:16; pl., II Pe 2:18; [[παθεῖν]] σαρκί, I Pe 4:1; <br /><b class="num">(b)</b>in [[ethical]] [[sense]], especially in Pauline Epp., of the [[flesh]] as the [[seat]] and [[vehicle]] of [[sinful]] desires: opp. to [[νοῦς]], Ro 7:25; to [[πνεῦμα]], Ro 8:4-9, 12, 13, Ga 5:16, 17 19 6:8 (cf. DB, ii, 14f.; iv, 165f.; Cremer, 844ff.).

|txtha=σαρκός, ἡ (Aeolic, συρξ; [[hence]], it seems to be [[derived]] from [[σύρω]], [[akin]] to [[σαίρω]], 'to [[draw]],' 'to [[draw]] [[off]],' and to [[signify]] [[what]] [[can]] be stripped [[off]] from the bones (Etym. Magn. 708,34; sed quis subsignabit (Lob. Paralip., p. 111))), from Homer down, [[Hebrew]] בָּשָׂר;<br /><b class="num">1.</b> [[properly]], [[flesh]] (the [[soft]] [[substance]] of the [[living]] [[body]], [[which]] covers the bones and is permeated [[with]] [[blood]]) of [[both]] men and beasts: Tdf.; [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]] (on [[which]] [[expression]] [[see]] [[below]], 2a.; 3bis; 4at the [[end]] (cf. Winer's Grammar, 19)), and from bones, [[πνεῦμα]] σάρκα [[καί]] ὀστέα [[οὐκ]] [[ἔχει]], οὐ [[γάρ]] [[ἔτι]] σάρκας τέ [[καί]] ὀστέα ἰνες ἔχουσιν, [[Homer]], [[Odyssey]] 11,219). [[φαγεῖν]] τάς σάρκας τίνος: [[properly]], κατεσθίειν, Sept.; in classical Greek [[frequently]] βιβρώσκειν σάρκας; σαρκῶν [[ἐδωδή]], [[Plutarch]], septem [[sap]]. couviv. c. 16); tropically, to [[torture]] [[one]] [[with]] [[eternal]] [[penal]] torments, [[φαγεῖν]] and τρώγειν [[τήν]] σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, in figurative [[discourse]], to [[appropriate]] to [[oneself]] the [[saving]] results of the [[violent]] [[death]] endured by Christ, ἀπέρχεσθαι or πορεύεσθαι [[ὀπίσω]] σαρκός, to [[follow]] [[after]] the [[flesh]], is used of those [[who]] are on the [[search]] for persons [[with]] whom [[they]] [[can]] [[gratify]] [[their]] [[lust]] ([[see]] [[ὀπίσω]], 2a.), τό [[σῶμα]] τῆς σαρκός, the [[body]] compacted of [[flesh]] (cf. Winer's Grammar, 188 (177)), [[σάρξ]] is<br /><b class="num">2.</b> equivalent to the [[body]], [[not]] designating it, [[however]], as a [[skilful]] [[combination]] of [[related]] parts (`an organism,' [[which]] is denoted by the [[word]] [[σῶμα]]), [[but]] signifying the [[material]] or [[substance]] of the [[living]] [[body]] (cf. [[Aeschylus]], Sept.622γέροντα [[τόν]] [[νοῦν]] σάρκα δ' ἡβωσαν φέρει);<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[universally]], [[πνεῦμα]], 2, p. 520a [[middle]]); [[μία]] [[σάρξ]], [[one]] [[body]], of [[husband]] and [[wife]], [[εἰς]] σάρκα μίαν (from [[ψυχή]], ἔδωκεν ... Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν ... [[τήν]] σάρκα [[ὑπέρ]] τῆς σαρκός [[ἡμῶν]] [[καί]] [[τήν]] ψυχήν [[ὑπέρ]] τῶν ψυχῶν [[ἡμῶν]], Clement of [[Rome]], 1 Corinthians 49,6 [ET] (cf. Irenaeus 5,1, 1; [[but]] G L T Tr WH [[drop]] ἡ [[ψυχή]] [[αὐτοῦ]] in Acts, the [[passage]] cited)); opposed to πενυμα (the [[human]]), [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], equivalent to ψυχικόν [[σῶμα]], ἡ [[περιτομή]] ἐν σαρκί, τό [[πρόσωπον]] μου ἐν σαρκί (A. V. my [[face]] in the [[flesh]]), my [[bodily]] [[countenance]], [[ἀσθένεια]] σαρκός, of [[disease]], ἐν τῇ θνητῇ σαρκί [[ἡμῶν]], ἐν τῷ σώματι [[ἡμῶν]], ἐν τῇ σαρκί [[αὐτοῦ]], by giving up his [[body]] to [[death]], [[διά]] τῆς σαρκός [[αὐτοῦ]], προσφέρειν [[τήν]] σάρκα μου, to [[offer]] in [[sacrifice]] my [[flesh]] — Christ is [[speaking]], the Epistle of Barnabas 7,5 [ET]; [[τήν]] σάρκα παραδοῦναι [[εἰς]] καταφθοράν, ibid. 5,1 [ET]). [[life]] on [[earth]], [[which]] is passed in the [[body]] ([[flesh]]), is designated by the [[following]] phrases: ἐν σαρκί [[εἶναι]], [[ζῆν]] ἐν σαρκί, ἐπιμένειν ἐν σαρκί, ὁ ἐν σαρκί [[χρόνος]], αἱ ἡμέραι τῆς σαρκός [[αὐτοῦ]], of Christ's [[life]] on [[earth]], ἐν σαρκί or ἐν τῇ σαρκί, in things pertaining to the [[flesh]] ([[body]]), [[such]] as circumcision, [[descent]], etc.: πεποιθέναι, ἔχειν πεποίθησιν, οἱ συγγενεῖς [[κατά]] σάρκα, Winer's Grammar, § 20,2a.); τέκνα τῆς σαρκός, children by [[bird]], [[natural]] [[posterity]], ἀδελφόν ἐν σαρκί [[καί]] ἐν κυρίῳ, a [[natural]] [[brother]] (as it were) and a Christian [[brother]], οἱ τῆς σαρκός [[ἡμῶν]] πατέρες, [[our]] [[natural]] [[fathers]] (opposed to God ὁ [[πατήρ]] τῶν πνευμάτων, [[see]] [[πατήρ]], 1a. and 3b.), τά ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί, Gentiles by [[birth]], [[Ἰσραήλ]] [[κατά]] σάρκα, [[Ἰσραήλ]] τοῦ Θεοῦ, of Christians, is [[found]] in τό [[κατά]] σάρκα, as respects the [[flesh]] i. e. [[human]] [[origin]], Clement of [[Rome]], 1 Corinthians 32,2 [ET]; Irenaeus haer. 4,4, 1and [[fragment]] 17 ed; Stieren, p. 836)); γενομένου ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυίδ [[κατά]] σάρκα, ὁ [[κατά]] σάρκα γεννηθείς, [[born]] by [[natural]] [[generation]] (opposed to γεννηθείς ... [[τόν]] [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]], i. e. by the [[supernatural]] [[power]] of God, operating in the [[promise]]), τό γεγεννήμενοι ἐκ τῆς σαρκός [[σάρξ]] ἐστιν, [[that]] [[which]] has been [[born]] of the [[natural]] [[man]] is a [[natural]] [[man]] (opposed to [[one]] [[who]] has been [[born]] [[again]] by the [[power]] of the [[Holy Spirit]]), ἡ [[σάρξ]] μου, those [[with]] whom I [[share]] my [[natural]] [[origin]], my [[fellow]]-countrymen, [[ἰδού]] [[ὀστᾶ]] [[σου]] [[καί]] σάρκες [[σου]], [[εἶναι]] ἐκ τῆς σαρκός [[καί]] ἐκ τῶν ὀστέων τίνος, [[which]] in its [[proper]] [[use]] signifies to be 'formed [[out]] of [[one]]'s [[flesh]] and bones' (R G Tr marginal [[reading]] brackets).<br /><b class="num">c.</b> the [[sensuous]] [[nature]] of Prayer of Manasseh, 'the [[animal]] [[nature]]': [[without]] [[any]] [[suggestion]] of [[depravity]], τό [[θέλημα]] τῆς σαρκός, of [[sexual]] [[desire]], the [[animal]] [[nature]] [[with]] cravings [[which]] [[incite]] to [[sin]]: τά [[μέλη]] is used in ὁ [[νοῦς]], ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῆς σαρκός, ἡ [[ἐπιθυμία]] τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν; (others [[regard]] [[this]] [[last]] as a [[new]] specification; cf. Westcott at the [[passage]])); plural τά τῆς σαρκός [[πάθη]], τό μή δεδουλωσθαι σαρκί [[καί]] τοῖς πάθεσι [[ταύτης]] διάγειν, ὑφ' ὧν κατασπωμενος ὁ [[νοῦς]] τῆς θνητης ἀναπιμπλαται φλυαριας, ἐυδαιμον τί [[καί]] μακάριον, Plur. consol. ad Apoll c. 13; τῆς σαρκός [[ἡδονή]], opposed to [[ψυχή]], [[Plutarch]], de virt. et vit. c. 3; [[add]], [[Philo]] de gigant. § 7; ([[Diogenes]] Laërtius 10,145; animo cum hac carne [[grave]] certamen est, Seneca, consol. ad Marc. 21; [[animus]] liber habitat; nunquam me cato ista compellet ad metum, Seneca, epistles 65 (7,3, 22); non est summa felicitatis nostrae in carne ponenda, ibid. 74 (9,3, 16)). the [[physical]] [[nature]] of [[man]] as [[subject]] to [[suffering]]: [[παθεῖν]] σαρκί, ἐν τῇ σαρκί μου, in [[that]] my [[flesh]] suffers afflictions, Lightfoot)); θλῖψιν ἔχειν τῇ σαρκί, a [[living]] [[creature]] ([[because]] [[possessed]] of a [[body]] of [[flesh]]), [[whether]] [[man]] or [[beast]]: [[πᾶσα]] [[σάρξ]] (in [[imitation]] of the [[Hebrew]] כָּל־בָּשָׂר (Winer's Grammar, 33)), [[every]] lving [[creature]], οὐ [[preceding]] (qualifying the [[verb]] (Winer's Grammar, § 26,1; Buttmann, 121 (106))), no [[living]] [[creature]], a [[man]] ([[ἄνθρωπος]] for בָּשָׂר, ἐν τῷ Θεῷ [[ἤλπισα]], οὐ φοβηθήσομαι τί ποιήσει μοι [[σάρξ]], ἐμνήσθη, [[ὅτι]] [[σάρξ]] εἰσιν, [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], [[γενεά]] σαρκός [[καί]] αἵματος, ἡ [[μέν]] τελευτᾷ, ἑτέρα δέ γεννᾶται, ὁ [[λόγος]] [[σάρξ]] ἐγένετο, entered [[into]] [[participation]] in [[human]] [[nature]], [[σάρξ]], [[not]] [[ἄνθρωπος]], [[apparently]] in [[order]] to [[indicate]] [[that]] he [[who]] [[possessed]] [[supreme]] [[majesty]] did [[not]] [[shrink]] from [[union]] [[with]] [[extreme]] [[weakness]]); εὑρίσκειν τί [[κατά]] σάρκα, to [[attain]] to [[anything]] [[after]] the [[manner]] of a ([[weak]]) Prayer of Manasseh, i. e. by the [[use]] of [[merely]] [[human]] powers, ἐξ ἔργων in [[πᾶσα]] [[σάρξ]], [[all]] men, Winer's Grammar, § 30,1a.); οὐ or μή [[preceding]] (qualifying the [[verb]] (Winer's Grammar, and Buttmann, as referred to [[above]])), no Prayer of Manasseh, no [[mortal]], [[man]] as he appears, [[such]] as he presents [[himself]] to [[view]], [[man]]'s [[external]] [[appearance]] and [[condition]]: [[κατά]] σάρκα κρίνειν, Winer's Grammar, 583 (542)) (equivalent to κρίνειν κατ' ὄψιν, γινώσκειν or [[εἰδέναι]] τινα [[κατά]] σάρκα, οἱ [[κατά]] σάρκα κυρίου ([[see]] [[κατά]], II:3b.), [[human]] [[nature]], the [[soul]] included: ἐν ὁμοιώματι σαρκός ἁμαρτίας, in a [[visible]] [[form]], [[like]] [[human]] [[nature]] [[which]] is [[subject]] to [[sin]], [[ὁμοίωμα]], b.); ἐν σαρκί ἔρχεσθαι, to [[appear]] clothed in [[human]] [[nature]], in 3; φανερουσθαι, κεκοινωνηκεναι αἵματος [[καί]] σαρκός, [[σάρξ]], [[when]] [[either]] [[expressly]] or [[tacitly]] opposed to τό [[πνεῦμα]] (τοῦ Θεοῦ), has an [[ethical]] [[sense]] and denotes "[[mere]] [[human]] [[nature]], the [[earthly]] [[nature]] of [[man]] [[apart]] from [[divine]] [[influence]], and [[therefore]] [[prone]] to [[sin]] and opposed to God"; [[accordingly]] it includes [[whatever]] in the [[soul]] is [[weak]], [[low]], [[debased]], tending to [[ungodliness]] and [[vice]] ("Thou [[must]] [[not]] [[understand]] '[[flesh]]', [[therefore]], as [[though]] [[that]] [[only]] were '[[flesh]]' [[which]] is [[connected]] [[with]] [[unchastity]], [[but]] St. Paul uses '[[flesh]]' of the [[whole]] Prayer of Manasseh, [[body]] and [[soul]], [[reason]] and [[all]] his faculties included, [[because]] [[all]] [[that]] is in him longs and strives [[after]] the [[flesh]] (Luther, Preface to the Epistle to the Romans); [[note]] [[that]] '[[flesh]]' signifies the [[entire]] [[nature]] of Prayer of Manasseh, [[sense]] and [[reason]], [[without]] the [[Holy Spirit]]" (Melanchthon, Loci, edition of 1535, in Corpus Reform. xxi., p. 277). This [[definition]] is strikingly supported by these [[two]] utterances of Paul: οὐδεμίαν ἔσχηκεν ἄνεσιν ἡ [[σάρξ]] [[ἡμῶν]], [[οὐκ]] [[ἔσχηκα]] ἄνεσιν τῷ πνεύματι μου, τό [[πνεῦμα]] (τοῦ Θεοῦ), [[ἀκροβυστία]], c.); [[πλησμονή]]); [[ἐπιθυμία]] σαρκός, αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι and τά θελήματα τῆς σαρκός, ὁ [[νοῦς]] τῆς σαρκός, [[σῶμα]] τῆς σαρκός, a [[body]] given up to the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], i. e. a [[body]] whose members [[our]] [[nature]], estranged from God, used as its instruments (cf. G L T Tr WH; τά τῆς σαρκός (opposed to τά τοῦ πνεύματος), the things [[which]] [[please]] the [[flesh]], [[which]] the [[flesh]] craves, σαρκί ἐπιτελοῦμαι, to [[make]] for [[oneself]] an [[end]] ([[see]] [[ἐπιτελέω]], 1tim) by devoting [[oneself]] to the [[flesh]], i. e. by [[gradually]] losing the [[Holy Spirit]] and giving [[oneself]] up to the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], σταυρουν [[τήν]] σάρκα [[αὐτοῦ]] ([[see]] [[σταυρόω]], 3b.), ἐν σαρκί [[εἶναι]] (opposed to ἐν πνεύματι, [[namely]], τοῦ Θεοῦ), to be in the [[power]] of the [[flesh]], [[under]] the [[control]] of the [[flesh]], οἱ [[κατά]] σάρκα ὄντες, [[who]] [[exhibit]] the [[nature]] of the [[flesh]], equivalent to οἱ σαρκικοί (opposed to οἱ [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]] ὄντες), [[κατά]] σάρκα περιπατεῖν, to [[live]] according to the [[standard]] of the [[flesh]], to [[comply]] in [[conduct]] [[with]] the [[impulse]] of the [[flesh]], [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]], βουλεύεσθαι, καυχᾶσθαι, [[κατά]] [[πνεῦμα]]) [[ζῆν]], ἐν σαρκί τυγχάνουσιν, ἀλλ' οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα ζῶσιν, of Christians, Ep. ad Diogn. 5,8 [ET]); ἐν σαρκί περιπατοῦντες οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα στρατευόμεθα, [[although]] the [[nature]] in [[which]] we [[live]] is [[earthly]] and [[therefore]] [[weak]], [[yet]] we do [[not]] [[carry]] on [[our]] [[warfare]] according its [[law]], οὐ [[κατά]] σάρκα γράφειν, [[ἀλλά]] [[κατά]] γνώμην Θεοῦ, Ignatius ad Romans 8,3 [ET]); [[with]] the [[suggestion]] of [[weakness]] as respects [[knowledge]]: [[σάρξ]] [[καί]] [[αἷμα]], a [[man]] [[liable]] to [[err]], [[fallible]] [[man]]: ἡ [[ἀσθένεια]] τῆς σαρκός, σοφοί [[κατά]] σάρκα, [[σάρξ]] als Quelle der Sünde, in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken for 1855, p. 477ff; C. Holsten, Die Bedeut. des Wortes [[σάρξ]] im Lehrbegriffe des Paulus, 4to, Rostock 1855 (reprinted in his Zum Evang. des Paul. u. Petr., p. 365ff. (Rostock, 1867); [[see]] [[also]] ([[with]] [[especially]] [[reference]] to Holsten) Lüdemann, Die Anthropologie des Apest. Paul. (Kiel, 1872)); Ritschl, Entstehung der altkathol. Kirche, edition 2, p. 66ff; Baur in the Theol. Jahrbb. for 1857, p. 96ff, and in his Biblical Theol. des N. T., p. 142ff, etc.; Wieseler, Br. an [[die]] Galater, pp. 443ff, 448ff (cf. Riddle in Schaff's Lange's Commentary on Romans, p. 235f) Weiss, Biblical Theol. des N. T. (3rd edition) § 68, p. 243ff, § 100, p. 414 f; Rich. Schmidt, Paulin. Christologie, p. 8ff; Eklund, [[σάρξ]] vocabulum quid ap. Paulum apost. significet (Lund, 1872); Pfleiderer, Paulinismus, p. 47ff. (English translation, vol. i., p. 47ff); Wendt, Die Begrifle Fleisch u. Geist im Biblical Sprachgebr. (Gotha, 1878); (Cremer in Herzog edition 2under the [[word]] Fleisch, [[but]] [[especially]] in his Biblical-theol. Wörterbuch, 3te (or 4te) Aufl., [[under]] the [[word]]; Laidlaw, The Bible Doctr. of Man (Edinb. 1879), pp. 74ff, 373 f; [[Philippi]], Glaubensl. edition 2, vol. iii., pp. 231-250; [[especially]] Dickson, St. Paul's [[use]] of the terms Flesh and Spirit (Glasgow, 1883)); and the references in Meyer on Romans 4:1 (6te Aufl.).