πονέω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=πονέομαι,<br><span class="bld">A</span> in early Greek only Med. [[πονέομαι]], inf. πονέεσθαι Il.10.116: impf. [[ἐπονεῖτο]], Ep. [[πονεῖτο]] 9.12: fut. πονήσομαι 23.159, Hp.''Mul.''1.4, later πονέσομαι Luc.''Asin.''9: aor. ἐπονησάμην, Ep. [[πονήσατο]] Il.9.348, ([[διαπονέω]]) Pl.''Lg.''966c, X.''Eq.''5.10; [[ἐπονήθην]] [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in E.''Hel.''1509 (lyr.), ([[διαπονέω]]) Isoc.15.267: pf. [[πεπόνημαι]], Ion.3pl.—πονέαται [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.63, Ep. [[πονήαται]] Arat.82, Att. -ηνται [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Philebus|Phlb.]]'' 58e: plpf. πεπόνητο Il.15.447, Ep.3pl. πονήατο A.R.2.263:<br><span class="bld">I</span> abs., [[work hard]], ὡς ἐπονεῖτο Il.2.409; <b class="b3">ὄφελεν πονέεσθαι λισσόμενος</b> he ought to [[suffer toil]] in [[praying]], 10.117; <b class="b3">ὅπλα... τοῖς ἐπονεῖτο</b> with which he did his [[work]], of [[Hephaestus]], 18.413, cf. Od.16.13; <b class="b3">περὶ δόρπα… πονέοντο</b> were [[busy|busied]] about their [[supper]], Il.24.444, cf. [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.63, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Philebus|Phlb.]]'' 58e; so <b class="b3">πεπόνητο καθ' ἵππους</b> was [[busy]] with the [[horse]]s, of a [[charioteer]], Il.15.447; <b class="b3">πονέοντο κατὰ κρατερὴν ὑσμίνην</b> were [[toil]]ing in the [[fight]], 5.84, etc.; hence [[πονεῖσθαι]] alone = [[μάχεσθαι]], 4.374, 13.288; <b class="b3">π. τινός</b> to [[be busy]] with... Arat.82, cf. 758.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[suffer]] from [[illness]], [[be sick]], Th.2.51.<br><span class="bld">II</span> c. acc., [[work hard at]], [[make with pains]] or [[do with pains]] or [[make with care]], τύμβον Il.23.245; ταῦτ' ἐπονεῖτο ἰδυίῃσι πραπίδεσσι 18.380; ὅπλα… πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα Od.11.9; πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα 9.250, cf. Il.9.348, Hes.''Op.''432 (''[[sc.]]'' [[ἄροτρα]]); πονεύμενος ἕρκος ἀλωῆς Mosch.4.100; πεπονήατο δαῖτα γέροντι A.R.2.263.<br><span class="bld">B</span> after Hom., the act. form [[πονέω]] prevails: fut. πονήσω A.''Pr.'' 344, [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 410b, Hp.''Mul.''1.2,5; later πονέσω Arist.''Mech.''856b9, Lyr. Alex.Adesp.37.3, [[LXX]] ''Is.''19.10, al., and in codd. of Hp.''Aph.''4.32: aor. ἐπόνησα, Dor. ἐπόνᾱσα, E.''Hipp.''1369 (anap.), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 462d, Hp.''Acut.''46, Theoc.15.80; ''poet.'' πόνησα Pi.''N.''7.36; later ἐπόνεσα [[LXX]] ''1 Ki.''23.21, al., Ph.''Bel.''58.1, al., Polyaen.3.10.6, etc., and in codd. of Hp.''Coac.'' 489, ''Morb.''1.4,14: pf. πεπόνηκα Ar.''Pax''820, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''4.5.22, Hp.''Vict.'' 2.66; later πεπόνεκα ''PMich.Zen.''104.3 (iii B.C.): plpf. ἐπεπονήκει Th. 7.38:—Pass., aor. ἐπονήθην (ἐξ-) Id.6.31; Dor. subj. πονᾱθῇ Pi.''O.''6.11: pf. πεπόνημαι S.''Tr.''985 (anap.), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''232a (v. infr. 1.3):<br><span class="bld">I</span> intr., [[toil]], [[labour]], περὶ λήϊον [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.14; ἐς ἄκαιρα πονεῖν Thgn.919; <b class="b3">πόνει μετ' εὐκλείας</b> Anon ap.Stob.3.1.173 = ''JHS''27.63 (Cyzicus, iv/iii B.C.); ἄλλως, [[μάτην πονεῖν]], [[μάτην πονέω]], [[labour in vain]], [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''1151, E.''HF''501: c.acc., <b class="b3">τὰ μηδὲν ὠφελοῦντα μὴ πόνει μάτην</b> [[do]] not [[labour]] at…, A.''Pr.''44; ἀνήνυτα π. Pl. ''R.''531a: rarely of things, τίς… αἶνος ἐπ' ἀνδρὶ θείῳ… πονήσει; A.''Ag.'' 1550 (lyr., dub., leg. [[αἶνον]]).<br><span class="bld">2</span> c. acc. cogn., <b class="b3">πονέω πόνον</b> [[go through]], [[suffer]] [[toil]], Id.''Pers.''682, E.''Hec.''779, cf. S.''Ph.''1419, E.''Hipp.''1369 (anap.), [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Republic|R.]]'' 410b, etc.; περὶ τῶν παθημάτων ὧν νοσέουσί τε καὶ πονέουσι Hp. ''VM''2, etc.; ἅμιλλαν ποδοῖν E.''IA''212 (lyr.); π. πολλά Id.''Supp.''577: with modal words, <b class="b3">πονέω τινί</b> [[suffer in]] or [[suffer by]] a thing, Pi.''N.''7.36; δίψῃ A. ''Pers.''484; ὑπὸ χειμῶνος Antipho 2.2.1; τῇ κυήσει [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Historia Animalium|HA]]''570b3; [[εἰρεσίᾳ]] Polyaen.l.c.: c.acc. partis, <b class="b3">πεπόνηκα… τὼ σκέλει</b> my [[leg]]s [[ache]], Ar.''Pax''820; <b class="b3">π. τὰς κεφαλάς, τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, τὰ γόνατα</b>, [[have a pain]] in... [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Historia Animalium|HA]]''557a10, ''Pr.''959b21, 882b25: with modal dat. added, π. πλευρὰν πικρᾷ γλωχῖνι S.''Tr.''681: abs., [[labour under sickness]], [[suffer]], Hp.''VM''8; [[suffer damage]], ἅπαν ἂν συμπαθὲς ἦν ἑνὸς μορίου πονήσαντος [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[De Partibus Animalium|PA]]''690b4; also, [[suffer pain]], [[ἀεὶ γὰρ πονεῖ τὸ ζῷον]] = a [[living]] [[being]] is [[always]] [[experience|experiencing]] [[suffering]], Anaxag.ap eund.''EN'' 1154b7; of an army, to [[be hard-pressed]], [[suffer]], Th.5.73, [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.21, etc.; of ships, Th.7.38; of implements, arms, etc., to [[be worn out]], [[be spoilt]], or [[be damaged]], D.18.194, Plb.3.49.11, ''Inscr.Délos''442 ''B''204, al. (ii B.C.); τὰ σπαρτία ἧττον πονέσει Arist.''Mech.''l.c.; ῥίζαι πεπονηκυῖαι [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[Historia Plantarum|HP]]'' 3.7.1; of buildings, to [[be dilapidated]], PEnteux.6.3 (iii B.C.), etc.<br><span class="bld">3</span> Pass., impers., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἄλλως αὐτοῖς πεπόνηται</b>, = [[πεπονήκασι]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedrus|Phdr.]]''232a.<br><span class="bld">II</span> trans.,<br><span class="bld">1</span> c.acc. pers., [[afflict]], [[distress]], Pi.''P.'' 4.151, cj. in ''Anacreont.''33.14:—Pass., to [[be afflicted]] or [[be worn out]], [[suffer greatly]], πεπονημένος ὀδύναις S.''Tr.''985 (anap.); πόλεως πονουμένης τῷ πολέμῳ Th.4.59; τόν τε θνῄσκοντα καὶ τὸν πονούμενον Id.2.51.<br><span class="bld">b</span> Pass., to [[be trained]] or [[be educated]], <b class="b3">δοκεῖ ὁ κατ' ἀλήθειαν πολιτικὸς πεπονῆσθαι περὶ [τὴν ἀρετήν]</b> [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Nicomachean Ethics|EN]]''1102a8; πεπονημένην ἔχειν τὴν ἕξιν Id.''Pol.''1335b8, cf. Theoc.13.14; <b class="b3">πεπονημένον ὑπό μου</b> though he [[owe]]s his [[training]] to me, ''PCair.Zen.''378.16 (iii B.C.).<br><span class="bld">2</span> c. acc. rei, [[gain by toil]] or [[gain by labour]], ([[χρήμα]]τα) X.''An.''7.6.41:—Pass., to [[be won by toil]] or [[be achieved by toil]], καλὸν εἴ τι ποναθῇ Pi.''O.''6.11, cf. ''P.''9.93.<br><span class="bld">b</span> Pass., of meats, to [[be dressed]], [[be cooked]], Ptol.Euerg.9J., Phld.''Mort.''24; [[ἄρτος]] [[πεπονημένος]] = [[specially prepared]], Sor.1.94.—The rule of Choerob. ''in Theod.''2.137 H., ''EM''130.3, that when [[πονέω]] means [[toil]], the fut. and aor. are [[πονήσω]], [[ἐπόνησα]], when [[suffer pain]], [[πονέσω]], [[ἐπόνεσα]], is not borne out by the examples (v. supr.).—The fut. Med. <b class="b3">καταπονήσομαι</b> is used as trans. by D.S.11.15; so aor. Pass. [[πονήθη]] in ''IG''9(1).867.6 (Corc., vii/vi B.C.); and the intr. and trans. senses are united in ''Anacreont.'' 33.14 (cj.), 15.