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 |Beta Code=a)/ra
 |Definition=Ep. ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, <b class="b3">ἦ, ὅς, γάρ</b>, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐπεί</b>), before a consonant ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">i[rtilde]</b> 'and'): expressing consequence, <b class="b2">then</b>, or mere succession, <b class="b2">there and then</b>, and in many derived uses. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> EARLIER USAGE: to denote, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> immediate transition, <b class="b2">there and then, straightway</b>, ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος <span class="bibl">Il.2.16</span>: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο <span class="bibl">1.68</span>, al.; πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.134</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.9</span>; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.2</span>; with other Particles, <b class="b3">δέ, ἦ, ὡς</b>, etc., cf. <b class="b3">ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.10</span>: also after Advbs. of Time, <b class="b3">τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα</b>, etc.; οὕτως ἄρα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>259b</span>; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο . . αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν <span class="bibl">Od.5.77</span>; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρ' . . κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ' . . ἀγόρευε <span class="bibl">Il.21.426</span>: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, <b class="b2">then, next</b>, οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον <span class="bibl">2.546</span>; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος . . ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν <span class="bibl">6.154</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> to draw attention, <b class="b2">mark you!</b> τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον . . τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος <span class="bibl">24.456</span>; with imper., ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ <span class="bibl">24.522</span>: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή <span class="bibl">5.532</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> connexion, such as, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> that of <b class="b2">antecedent</b> and <b class="b2">consequent</b>, οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως <span class="bibl">1.599</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.507</span>; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε <span class="bibl">1.96</span>; freq. with <b class="b3">οὕνεκα</b> in protasi, <span class="bibl">7.140</span>, al.: also in questions, <b class="b3">τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην;</b> who <b class="b2">then</b> (say you) was . . ? <span class="bibl">2.761</span>: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, <b class="b3">ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε</b> <b class="b2">he it was, whom</b>... <span class="bibl">4.501</span>: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας <span class="bibl">2.35</span>, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη <span class="bibl">1.584</span>, al.; ἦ ῥα <span class="bibl">3.355</span>, al., thus, <b class="b2">then</b> he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> explanation of that which precedes, <b class="b3">χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρων</b> whom (<b class="b2">and for this cause</b> he was angry) they had taken away, <span class="bibl">1.429</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν</b> <b class="b2">for</b> he said, <span class="bibl">Od.4.504</span>: freq. with <b class="b3">οὕνεκα</b>; so with relatives, <b class="b3">ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί</b> the <b class="b2">very</b> one which... <span class="bibl">Il.7.182</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than <b class="b3">οὖν</b>), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1099a24</span>; δῆλον ἄ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1295b33</span>; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">SE</span>174b11</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>1401a3</span>, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, <b class="b2">as it seems</b>, οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς <span class="bibl">Il.16.33</span>; οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">23.670</span>; μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>772</span>; <b class="b3">οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν</b> <b class="b2">so true is it that</b>... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.1.32</span>; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>358c</span>; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα . . θερμότερα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 382</span>; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>375d</span>; <b class="b3">φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό</b> ib.<span class="bibl">432d</span>; <b class="b3">εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι</b>. . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, <b class="b3">τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται;</b> <b class="b2">who is there</b> to save ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>92</span>; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, <b class="b3">οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν</b> <b class="b2">what</b> a band of youth was that . . ! <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>733</span>; so <b class="b3">ὡς ἄρα</b> ib.<span class="bibl">472</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>577</span>; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1285</span>; τί οὖν . . ἄ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.2</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ</b>., etc.; <b class="b3">ἄ</b>. alone, ἔζης ἄ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>686</span>: esp. in ironical comments, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>476</span>, <span class="bibl">1371</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> epexegetic, <b class="b2">namely</b>, <b class="b3">ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>152d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">156e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> for <b class="b3">τοι ἄρα, τἄρα</b>, v. sub τοι <span class="bibl">11.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">εἰ</b> (or <b class="b3">ἐάν</b>) <b class="b3"> μὴ ἄ</b>. unless <b class="b2">perhaps</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>38b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.58.4</span>; separated from <b class="b3">εἰ μή</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.9.20</span>; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν <span class="bibl">Th.1.93</span>, etc.; or simply, <b class="b2">perhaps</b> (sts. separated from <b class="b3">εἰ</b>), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν <span class="bibl">D.21.8</span>; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Th.4.86</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> IN CRASIS, freq. <b class="b3">τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα</b>: also <b class="b3">δήξομἄρα</b> for <b class="b3">δήξομαι ἄ</b>., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>325</span>; <b class="b3">οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>248</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span> 532</span>: also in Trag., E.<span class="title">Hyps.Fr.</span>34.86. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> <b class="b3">ἄρα</b> never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (<span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mech.</span>851a22</span> is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>12.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>10.17</span>, and first in a sentence, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>11.48</span>, <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.305.20</span>; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.</span>
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+|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-0342.png Seite 342]] ep. ἄρ u. enklit. ῥα, von ἄρω, also Verknüpfung zweier Begriffe. Am häufigsten bei den Epikern, 1) die Aufeinanderfolge der Begebenheiten andeutend,<b class="b2"> nun, da,</b> z. B. ἃς φάτο, βῆ δ' ἄρ' [[ὄνειρος]] Il. 2, 16; νὺξ δ' ἄρ' ἐπῆλθε κακὴ –, ὗε δ' ἄρα [[Ζεύς]] Od. 14, 457. So die häufigen Vrbdgn: ἃς ἄρα φωνήσας, ἡ μὲν ἄρ' ἃς εἰποῦσα, u. [[καί]] ῥα, οὐδ' ἄρα, u. mit Zeitpartikeln, [[ἐπεί]] ῥα, ὅτε ῥα, ὅτε δή ῥα, wobei es oft den Begriff der schnellen Folge ausdrückt, <b class="b2">sofort, sogleich</b>, vgl. [[αὐτάρ]], [[εἶθαρ]], [[ἄφαρ]]; ὁ δ' ἄρ' ὦκα παρέδραμεν Il. 10, 350. Auch beim Aufzählen einzelner Dinge, <b class="b2">nun, ferner</b>, Il. 2, 546. 615. – 2) Es verknüpft dah. bes. Correlativsätze, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε [[κλῆρος]] κυνέης, ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί Il. 7, 182; [[ἦμος]] – [[τῆμος]] ἄρα 24, 789, u. so öfter εὖτ' ἄρα, ὅτ' ἄρα, ἃς ἄρα, gerade so, z. B. Od. 6, 235; Pind. Ol. 6, 52. Bes. bei Demonstrativen, wenn ein schon genannter Gegenstand wieder aufgenommen wird, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο νόθον [[βάλε]] – τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς [[βάλε]] δουρί Il. 4, 501, diesen also, diesen nun; so oft ταῦτ' ἄρα, [[τοῖος]] ἄρα. – Von diesen beiden Arten des Gebrauchs ist in Prosa die Anknüpfung des Nachsatzes durch ἄρα geblieben, ἀκούσας, ἔλεγε ἄρα Her. 9, 9; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρός, ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 2; An. 4, 6, 15 u. sonst, doch selten. – 3) Auch einen innern Zusammenhang bezeichnet es, nicht wie οὖν, <b class="b2">folglich</b>, streng folgernd u. schließend, sondern, was sich von selbst ergiebt, od. man vermuthen kann, nun, al so, anführend, τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκεν Il. 1, 96, deswegen also; τὰ μὲν ἄρ που ἐπέκλωσαν θεοὶ αὐτοί Od. 11, 139; u. so oft bei Angabe eines Grundes, [[ἐπεί]] ῥα, ὅτι ῥα, weil ja, da ja, τὸ δὲ [[χρηστήριον]] τοῖσι ἐν Συρίῃ Ἀγβατάνοισι ἔλεγε ἄρα, wie nämlich aus dem Vorigen erhellt, Her. 3, 64. So auch bei Attikern sehr gew., [[μάτην]] ἄρ' ὡς ἔοικεν ἥκομεν Soph. El. 762; ὑφ' οὗ φονέως ἄρ' ἐξέπνευσας, durch den du also sterben mußtest, Ai. 1005; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνωνἄρα ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου [[βίος]] Plat. Rep. II, 358 c; ἐγὼ δὲ οὐδὲν ἄρα τούτων ποιήσω Apol. 34 c. – 4) Dah. steht es oft in Fragesätzen, [[τίς]] τ' ἂρ τῶν ὄχ' [[ἄριστος]] ἔην; wer war denn nun von ihnen der beste? Il. 2, 761; [[τίς]] ἄρα ῥύσεται, wer wird uns nun retten? Aesch. Spt. 90; τίσἄρα, [[τίς]] με [[πότμος]] ἔτι περιμένει; Soph. Ant. 1282; [[τίς]] σε, [[τέκνον]], [[τίς]] σ' ἔτικτε τῶν μακραιώνων ἄρα; O. C. 1444; und oft in Prosa τί ἄρα, τί ποτ' ἄρα, Plat. Phaedr. 228 d Phil. 52 d. Ebenso in Ausrufungen, ὦ δαῖμον, ὡς ἄρ' ἔψευσας φρενῶν Πέρσας Aesch. Pers. 719; ὅρα, [[τίς]] ἄρ' ἦν, wer war's nur! Soph. O. C. 118; ὧ Ζεῦ – οἵους ἄρα ἔχω ἑταίρους Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 10. – 5) Oft liegt darin, daß etwas überraschend, wider Erwarten sich an etwas Früheres anreiht; diesen Ausdruck der Befremdung, des Verblüfftseins, macht Hartung in seiner Lehre von den Partikeln I, p. 422 zum Hauptbegriff; er paßt aber nur in der kleinern Zahl der Stellen; οὐδ' οἵ γ' ὡρμήθησαν ἐπ' ἀνδράσιν, ἀλλ' ἄρα [[τοί]] γε – περισσαίνοντες ἀνέσταν Od. 10, 214; κἀξ ἀγεννήτων ἄρα – μῦθοι [[καλῶς]] πίπτουσι, wie unser <b class="b2">also auch</b>, Soph. Tr. 61. Dah. drückt es oft die Enttäuschung von einer falsch gefaßten Meinung aus, bes. in der Formel ἦν ἄρα, z. B. σὺ δ' οὐκ ἄρα [[τοῖος]] [[ἔησθα]] Od. 16, 420, du warst also nicht so, d. i. du bist nicht ein solcher, wie ich meinte; οὐκ ἄρα σοίγε πατὴρ ἦν [[Πηλεύς]] Il. 16, 33; οὔτ' ἄρ' ὅ γ' εὐχωλῆς ἐπιμέμφεται – [[ἀλλά]] 1, 93; ὅδ' ἦν ἄρ' ὁ ξυλλαβὼν ἐμέ Soph. Phil. 966, der also ist! [[πόθος]] καὶ κακῶν ἄρ' ἦν τις O. C. 118; [[Κύπρις]] οὐκ ἄρ' ἦν [[θεός]] Eur. Hipp. 360; σὺ δ' [[ἀχάριστος]] ἦσθ' ἄρα Ar. Vesp. 451; οὐ σὺ [[μόνος]] ἄρ' ἦσθ' [[ἔποψ]] Av. 280; ὅτι οὐκ ἄρ' ἦν [[φιλόσοφος]], [[ἀλλά]] τις [[φιλοσώματος]], daß er eben kein Philosoph ist (wie wir meinten), Plat. Phaed. 68 b; οὐκ ἄρ' ἀγαθὸς τὰ πολιτικὰ Περικλῆς ἦν ἐκ τούτου τοῦ λόγου Gorg. 516 d; [[ταῦτα]] ἀκούσας ὁ [[Κῦρος]] ἐπαίσατο ἄρα τὸν μηρόν Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 6; vgl. 8, 2, 2; – πρὶν μὲν – νῦν δὲ ἄρα Plat. Crit. 46 d Phaed. 68 a; vgl. Rep. X, 600 c. – 6) wie <b class="b2">nämlich</b>, eine Erläuterung anknüpfend, κρατερῶς ἐμάχοντο, λαοῖσιν [[καθύπερθε]] πεποιθότες ἠδὲ βίηφιν. οἱ δ' ἄρα χερμαδίοισιν ἀπὸ πύργων βάλλον Iliad. 12, 154; so häufig in Prosa, bes. nach ὅτι u. ὡς, wo dadurch ausgedrückt wird, daß das Angeführte nicht des Redenden Meinung sei (vgl. 5): ὡς ἄρα καὶ οἱ θεοὶ πολλοῖς βίον κακὸν ἔνειμαν Plat. Rep. II, 364 b; neben γάρ Prot. 315 c Gorg. 469 d; ὡς ἄρα γιγνώσκων Xen. An. 5, 6, 29; [[ἀκούω]] τινὰ διαβάλλειν ἐμὲ ὡς ἐγὼ ἄρα ἐξαπατήσας 5, 7, 5; vgl. Dem. 21, 183. – 7) εἰ ἄρα, ἐὰν ἄρα, wenn etwa, ob vielleicht, oft bei Plat., Theaet. 151 c; ἄκουε, εἴ τι ἄρα [[λέγω]] Rep. IV, 433 a; ἢν ἄρα, wenn allenfalls, Thuc. 1, 93; εἰ μέν τις καὶ [[ἄλλος]] ἄρα ἡμῖν ἐστι [[διαβατέος]], οὐκ [[οἶδα]] Xen. An. 2, 4, 6; vgl. 5, 1, 13; εἰ μὴ ἄρα, wie nisi forte, oft ironisch; σκοπῶμεν, μή πη ἄρ' ἐξαπατώμεθα Plat. Hipp. mai. 293 e.
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