calumnia: Difference between revisions

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|lshtext=<b>călumnĭa</b>: (old form kălumnĭa;<br /><b>I</b><br /> v. the [[letter]] K), ae, f. perh. for calvomnia, from [[calvor]]; cf. incīlo, [[trickery]], [[artifice]], [[chicanery]], [[cunning]] [[device]].<br /><b>I</b> Lit.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> In gen.: per obtrectatores Lentuli calumniā extracta res est, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 3: ([[Lucullus]]) inimicorum calumniā triennio tardius [[quam]] debuerat triumphavit, id. Ac. 2, 1, 3: inpediti ne triumpharent calumniā paucorum, quibus omnia honesta [[atque]] inhonesta vendere mos erat, Sall. C. 30, 4: [[Metellus]] calumniā dicendi [[tempus]] exemit, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3: cum omni morā, ludificatione, calumniā senatūs [[auctoritas]] impediretur, id. Sest. 35, 75.—Plur.: res ab adversariis nostris extracta est variis calumniis, Cic. Fam. 1, 4, 1.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> In partic.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A [[pretence]], [[evasion]], [[subterfuge]]: juris judicium cum erit et aequitatis, [[cave]] in istā tam frigidā, tam jejunā calumniā delitescas, Cic. Caecin. 21, 61: [[senatus]] religionis calumniam non religione, sed malevolentiā ... comprobat, id. Fam. 1, 1, 1: [[Carneades]] ... [[itaque]] premebat [[alio]] [[modo]] nec ullam adhibebat calumniam, id. Fat. 14, 31: calumniam stultitiamque ejus obtrivit ac contudit, id. Caecin. 7, 18: illud in primis, ne [[qua]] [[calumnia]], ne [[qua]] [[fraus]], ne [[quis]] [[dolus]] adhibeatur, id. Dom. 14, 36: quae major [[calumnia]] est, [[quam]] venire imberbum adulescentulum... dicere se filium senatorem sibi velle adoptare? id. ib. 14, 37.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In [[discourse]], etc., a [[misrepresentation]], false [[statement]], [[fallacy]], [[cavil]] (cf.: [[cavillatio]], [[perfugium]]): haec cum [[uberius]] disputantur et fusius, facilius effugiunt Academicorum calumniam, Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 20: ([[Carneades]]) [[saepe]] [[optimas]] causas ingenii calumniā ludificari solet, id. Rep. 3, 5, 9: nec Arcesilae [[calumnia]] conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā, id. Ac. 2, 5, 14: si in minimis rebus [[pertinacia]] reprehenditur, [[calumnia]] [[etiam]] coërcetur, id. ib. 2, 20, 65: altera est [[calumnia]], nullam artem falsis adsentiri opinionibus, Quint. 2, 17, 18: si [[quis]] [[tamen]]... ad necessaria aliquid [[melius]] adjecerit, non erit hac calumniā reprendendus, id. 12, 10, 43.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A false [[accusation]], [[malicious]] [[charge]], esp. a false or [[malicious]] [[information]], or [[action]] at [[law]], a [[perversion]] of [[justice]] ( = [[συκοφαντία]]): jam de deorum inmortalium templis spoliatis qualem calumniam ad pontifices adtulerit? false [[report]], Liv. 39, 4, 11: Scythae ... cum confecto jam [[bello]] supervenissent, et calumniā tardius lati auxilii, mercede fraudarentur, an [[unjust]] [[charge]], Just. 42, 1, 2: [[quamquam]] [[illa]] fuit ad calumniam singulari consilio reperta [[ratio]]... Quae res cum ad pactiones iniquissimas magnam vim habuit, tum [[vero]] ad calumnias in quas omnes inciderent, quos vellent [[Apronius]], Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 15, § 38: causam calumniae reperire, id. ib. 2, 2, 8, § 21: ([[Heraclius]]), a quo HS. C. milia per calumniam malitiamque petita sunt, id. ib. 2, 2, 27, § 66: mirari improbitatem calumniae, id. ib. 2, 2, 15, § 37: exsistunt [[etiam]] [[saepe]] injuriae calumniā quādam et [[nimis]] callidā juris interpretatione, id. Off. 1, 10, 33: [[iste]] amplam occasionem calumniae [[nactus]], id. Verr. 2, 2, 25, § 61: quem [[iste]] in decumis, in rebus capitalibus, in omni calumniā praecursorem habere solebat et [[emissarium]], id. ib. 2, 5, 41, § 108; 2, 2, 9, § 25: ad rapinas convertit animum, [[vario]] et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum et vectigalium genere, Suet. Calig. 38 init.; cf. the context: calumniā litium alienos fundos petere, Cic. Mil. 27, 74: [[adeo]] illis [[odium]] Romanorum incussit [[rapacitas]] proconsulum, [[sectio]] publicanorum, calumniae litium, Just. 38, 7, 8: calumniarum metum inicere alicui, Suet. Caes. 20: principes confiscatos ob tam leve ac tam inpudens calumniarum [[genus]], ut, etc., id. Tib. 49: calumniis rapinisque intendit animum, id. Ner. 32: creditorum turbam... [[nonnisi]] terrore calumniarum amovit, id. Vit. 7: fiscales calumnias magna calumniantium repressit, id. Dom. 9 fin.—Plur.: istae calumniae, App. Mag. 1, p. 273, 9; cf.: [[calumnia]] magiae, id. ib. 2, p. 274, 10.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hence, jurid. t. t., the [[bringing]] of an [[action]], [[whether]] [[civil]] or [[criminal]], in [[bad]] [[faith]]: actoris [[calumnia]] [[quoque]] coërcetur, litigiousness on the [[part]] of the [[plaintiff]], Just. Inst. 4, 16, 1 Sandars ad loc.; Gai Inst. 4, 174: [[vetus]] calumniae [[actio]], a [[prosecution]] for [[blackmail]] or [[malicious]] [[prosecution]], id. ib.: calumniam jurare, to [[take]] the [[oath]] [[that]] the [[action]] is brought or [[defence]] offered in [[good]] [[faith]], Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 3: sei juraverit calumniae causā non postulare, Lex Acil. Repetund. 19; Dig. 39, 2, 7; cf.: [[praeter]] jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā infitias [[ire]], Gai Inst. 4, 172: jusjurandum exigere non calumniae causā agere, id. ib. 4, 176.—Hence: nec [[satis]] habere [[bello]] vicisse Hannibalem, [[nisi]] [[velut]] accusatores calumniam in eum jurarent ac [[nomen]] deferrent, Liv. 33, 37, 5 Weissenb. ad loc; so, de calumniā jurare, Dig. 39, 2, 13, § 3: jusjurandum de calumniā, Gai Inst. 4, 179; Dig. 12, 3, 34 al.: et [[quidem]] calumniae judicium [[adversus]] omnes actiones locum habet, a [[conviction]] in a [[cross]]-[[action]] for [[malicious]] [[prosecution]], Gai Inst. 4, 175: turpissimam personam calumniae honestae civitati inponere, to [[fasten]] the [[vile]] [[character]] of a [[malicious]] [[prosecutor]] [[upon]], Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 43: [[sine]] ignominiā calumniae accusationem relinquere non posse, id. Clu. 31, 86.— The [[person]] convicted of this [[charge]] [[was]] branded on the [[forehead]] [[with]] the [[letter]] K; v. [[calumniator]].—<br /><b>II</b> Transf., a [[conviction]] for [[malicious]] [[prosecution]] ( = calumniae judicium, v. I. A. 4. [[supra]]): hic [[illo]] [[privato]] judicio, mihi credite, calumniam non effugiet, Cic. Clu. 59, 163: scito C. Sempronium Rufum, mel ac delicias tuas, calumniam maximo plausu tulisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 1: accusare alienae dominationis scelerisque [[socius]] [[propter]] calumniae metum non est [[ausus]], Cic. Dom. 19, 49: [[perinde]] poenā teneri ac si [[publico]] judicio calumniae condemnatus, Tac. A. 14, 41: calumniam fictis eludere jocis, Phaedr. 3, prol. 37.—<br /><b>III</b> Trop.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Of abstr. things: in hac [[igitur]] calumniā timoris et caecae suspitionis tormento, cum plurima ad alieni sensūs conjecturam, non ad suum judicium scribantur, i. e. [[when]] the [[writer]]'s [[mind]] is made the [[fool]] of his fears, Caecil. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 4. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Contra se, a [[mistaken]] [[severity]] [[towards]] one's [[self]]: inveni qui Ciceroni crederent, eum (Calvum) nimiā [[contra]] se calumniā [[verum]] sanguinem perdidisse, Quint. 10, 1, 115 (referring to Cic. Brut. 82, 283: [[nimium]] inquirens in se [[atque]] [[ipse]] [[sese]] [[observans]], metuensque ne vitiosum colligeret, [[etiam]] [[verum]] sanguinem deperdebat).

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