View source for certamen

{{Lewis
|lshtext=<b>certāmen</b>: ĭnis, n. id.,<br /><b>I</b> a [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[strife]], [[whether]] [[friendly]] or [[hostile]], [[physical]] or [[intellectual]]; [[most]] freq. of a [[pugilistic]] [[contest]] of [[any]] [[kind]]; [[but]] also of [[contention]] in [[war]].<br /><b>I</b> A [[contest]], [[struggle]] in games or [[otherwise]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Lit.: videmusne [[apud]] quos eorum ludorum, qui gymnici nominantur, [[magnus]] [[honos]] [[sit]], nullum ab iis, qui in id [[certamen]] [[descendant]], devitari dolorem? Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 62; cf. id. de Or. 2, 78, 317: Hac celebrata [[tenus]] sancto certamina patri, Verg. A. 5, 603; cf. Ov. M. 1, 446: luctandi, Quint. 12, 2, 12: saliendi, id. 10, 3, 6: citharoedorum, id. 4, 1, 2: sacra, id. 2, 8, 7 Spald.: quinquennale [[triplex]], musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet. Ner. 12; cf. id. Vit. 4; id. Dom. 4: bijugum, Verg. A. 5, 144: quadrigarum, Suet. Claud. 21: [[pedum]], Ov. M. 12, 304: [[cursus]], id. ib. 7, 792; 10, 560: disci, id. ib. 10, 177: Veneris, id. Am. 2, 10, 29 et saep.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Meton]]., [[poet]]., the [[object]] contended for, the [[prize]], Ov. M. 13, 129: pecoris magistris Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo, Verg. G. 2, 530 Heyne.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Trop., a [[rivalry]], [[contest]], [[struggle]], [[emulation]], etc.: [[certamen]] honestum (Stoicorum et Peripateticorum), Cic. Fin. 2, 21, 68: est mihi [[tecum]] pro [[aris]] et focis [[certamen]], id. N. D. 3, 40, 94: est alicui [[certamen]] cum [[aliquo]] de principatu, Nep. Them. 6, 3: [[certamen]] honoris et gloriae. Cic. Lael. 10, 34; cf. id. Off. 1, 12, 38; Sall. J. 41, 2; Quint. 10, 5, 5: bona [[ratio]] cum perditā confligit. In ejus modi certamine ac [[proelio]], Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25: [[pugna]] forensium certaminum, id. 5, 12, 22: eloquentiae [[inter]] juvenes, Quint. 2, 17, 8: verborum linguaeque, Liv. 10, 22, 6: laboris ac periculi, id. 28, 19, 14: amicitiae, benevolentiae, id. 37, 53, 7: bonae artis ac virtutis, id. 37, 54, 19: irarum, id. 1, 7, 2; cf. id. 3, 39, 3: conferendi (pecuniam), id. 4, 60, 8: patrum animos [[certamen]] regni ac [[cupido]] versabat, id. 1, 17, 1; cf. id. 21, 31, 6: leti ([[inter]] mulieres Indas), Prop. 3 (4), 13, 19: diu magnum [[inter]] mortales [[certamen]] fuit, [[vine]] corporis an virtute animi, etc., Sall. C. 1, 5; cf. Tib. 4, 1, 37.—Rarely [[with]] gen. of [[adversary]]: si in virtutis [[certamen]] venerint ( = cum virtute), Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 71 Madv. ad loc.—Poet.: [[mite]] vini, a [[drinking]] [[bout]], Tib. 3, 6, 11.—Also [[poet]].: certamina ponere, syn. [[with]] certamina instituere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, to [[order]], [[arrange]] a [[fight]] or [[contest]], Verg. A. 5, 66; 8, 639; cf. id. G. 2, 530 Wagn.—Of [[inanimate]] things: Arboribusque datumst variis [[exinde]] per auras Crescendi magnum inmissis [[certamen]] habenis, Lucr. 5, 787.—<br /><b>II</b> Esp., a [[military]] [[strife]], [[battle]], [[engagement]], [[contest]], [[fight]], [[combat]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Subject. (diff. from the objective; cf.: proeliam, [[pugna]], [[bellum]], etc.): horrida Romuleum certamina [[pango]] [[duellum]], Enn. Ann. 1, 1; 1, 476; 2, 6; 5, 1295; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Lucr. 4, 844; Ov. M. 12, 180; Liv. 36, 19, 13: [[aeterno]] certamine proelia pugnasque edere, Lucr. 2, 117: [[fit]] [[proelium]] acri certamine, Hirt. B. G. 8, 28; cf.: proelii [[certamen]], id. B. Alex. 16: certamine, [[with]] [[zeal]], [[emulously]], [[earnestly]], Verg. A. 5, 197; Curt. 9, 4; Sil. 10, 536; cf.: nec magni certaminis ea [[dimicatio]] fuit, not [[severe]], Liv. 21, 60, 7. —<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> Object., = [[proelium]], [[pugna]], etc.: [[vario]] certamine pugnatum est, Caes. B. C. 1, 46: erat in celeritate omne positum [[certamen]], utri, etc., id. ib. 1, 70: bella [[atque]] certamina, Sall. C. 33, 5: ubi res ad [[certamen]] venit, id. J. 13, 4: in certamine ipso, Liv. 2, 44, 11: navalia, a [[naval]] [[engagement]], [[sea]]-[[fight]], id. 31, 14, 4: [[classicum]], Vell. 2, 85, 2: saevit [[medio]] in certamine [[Mavors]], Verg. A. 8, 700 et saep.—Hence.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> In the postAug. histt. for [[war]] in gen., Flor. 1, 20; Eutr. 1, 16; Just. 7, 2, 6; 7, 6, 6.
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{{Gaffiot
|gf=<b>certāmen</b>,⁷ ĭnis, n. ([[certo]]),<br /><b>1</b> action de se mesurer avec un adversaire, lutte, joute : in [[certamen]] descendere Cic. Tusc. 2, 62, affronter la lutte ; [[certamen]] saliendi Quint. 10, 3, 6, concours de saut ; [[certamen]] quadrigarum Suet. Claud. 21, 3, course de quadriges ; [[certamen]] [[pedum]] Ov. M. 12, 304, course à pied ; [[certamen]] eloquentiæ Quint. 2, 17, 8, joute oratoire ; certamina ponere Virg. En. 5, 66, organiser des joutes<br /><b>2</b> combat, bataille, engagement : prœlii [[certamen]] Cic. Rep. 2, 13, les engagements (la lutte) au cours de la bataille, cf. Mur. 33 ; Cæs. G. 3, 14, 8 ; in certamine ipso Liv. 2, 44, 11, en pleine bataille<br /><b>3</b> lutte, conflit, rivalité : [[certamen]] [[honestum]] et [[disputatio]] splendida Cic. Fin. 2, 68, lutte honorable et discussion brillante ; [[certamen]] honoris Cic. Off. 1, 38, lutte pour les magistratures ; dominationis [[certamen]] Sall. J. 41, 2, conflit pour la suprématie ; [[certamen]] periculi Liv. 28, 19, 14, émulation à s’exposer au danger<br /><b>4</b> [fig.] : [[certamen]] controversiæ Cic. Or. 126, point vif du débat.
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{{Georges
|georg=certāmen, minis, n. (2. [[certo]]), das Sich-[[Messen]], der [[Streit]], [[Kampf]], um [[gegenseitig]] die Kräfte zu [[messen]], 1) das Sich-[[Messen]] zweier Rebenbuhler, um [[einander]] den [[Vorrang]] abzugewinnen, der [[Wettkampf]], [[Wettstreit]], a) der gymnastische, zirzensische, musikalische (griech. [[ἀγών]]), musicum, gymnicum, equestre, Suet.: [[gladiatorium]] vitae (um das L.), Cic.: luctandi, Quint.: quadrigarum, Suet.: [[pedum]], [[cursus]], disci, Ov.: in id [[certamen]] descendere, Cic.: [[antequam]] legitimum [[certamen]] inchoent (citharoedi), Quint.: poet., [[certamen]] (certamina) ponere = ἀγῶνα προτιθέναι, [[einen]] W. [[anstellen]], Verg. georg. 2, 530 u. Aen. 5, 66. – b) jede [[andere]] [[Art]] [[von]] [[Wettkampf]], [[Wettstreit]], [[Wetteifer]], arborum, Lucr.: [[honestum]], Cic.: laboris ac periculi, Liv.: honoris et gloriae, Cic.: conferendi (im Beisteuern), Liv.: venire in [[certamen]], [[Anteil]] [[nehmen]] am W. (um die [[Schönheit]]), Ov.: [[aber]] in [[certamen]] virtutis venire, [[sich]] [[mit]] der T. im Streite [[messen]], Cic.: est [[mihi]] [[certamen]] cum alqo de principatu od. de fortitudine, Nep. u. Curt.: proponere [[certamen]] eloquentiae [[inter]] iuvenes, Quint. – 2) das Sich-[[Messen]] zweier [[Gegner]], [[damit]] [[einer]] den andern besiege, a) der Waffenkampf, der [[Kampf]], das [[Gefecht]], singulare, [[Zweikampf]], [[Flor]].: c. armorum, das Fechten (zur [[Übung]]), Quint.: proelii, Cic.: pugnae, Liv. (vgl. Weißenb. Liv. 23, 45, 7). – dah. α) = das [[Treffen]], die[[Schlacht]], c. [[navale]], Liv.: [[classicum]], Vell.: [[certamen]] inire od. conserere, Liv.: cruentum c. edere, Liv.: [[ubi]] [[res]] ad [[certamen]] venit, Sall.: [[vario]] certamine pugnatum est, Caes. – β) [[Kampf]] = [[Krieg]] übh., [[Flor]]. 1, 20. Eutr. 1, 16. Iustin. 7, 2. § 2 u. 6. – b) [[jeder]] [[andere]] feindliche [[Streit]], die Streitigkeit, [[Rechthaberei]] (Opposition), die [[Fehde]], die [[Händel]] ([[oft]] [[mit]] [[Anspielung]] [[auf]] den Waffenkampf), [[illa]] certamina animorum ([[Hitze]] [[des]] Parteistreits), Liv.: verborum linguaeque certamina, Liv.: irarum, animi (der [[Erbitterung]]), Liv.: iuris (um das R.), Liv.: pravum [[certamen]] notarum [[inter]] censores, Cic.: imbuere animis [[certamen]], den [[Geist]] der Opposition [[einsaugen]], Liv.: in [[certamen]] venire cum alqo, Cic.: instituere [[sibi]] [[certamen]] cum alqo, Cic.: differri [[adversus]] [[nos]] [[certamen]], Liv.: est [[mihi]] [[tecum]] [[pro]] [[aris]] et focis [[certamen]], Cic. – meton., [[certamen]] controversiae, [[quod]] [[Graece]] κρινόμενον dicitur, der eigentliche Streitpunkt, der zur [[Entscheidung]] [[kommen]] soll, Cic. de or. 126: [[ideo]] ([[Campania]]) Liberi Cererisque [[certamen]] ([[Zankapfel]]) dicitur, [[Flor]]. 1, 16, 3.
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