ὡς: Difference between revisions

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|mdlsjtxt=<br />[[Perseus]]. [[thus]], as, so that, [[since]]<br />A. ADVERB of Manner, [[either]] ὥς (with [[accent]]) Demonstr. so, [[thus]], Lat. sic;— or ὡς (without [[accent]]) Relat. as, Lat. ut. B. ὡς, as CONJUNCTION. C, D. [[various]] usages.<br />A. of Manner:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> ὥς, Demonstr. = [[οὕτως]], so, [[thus]], Lat. sic, Hom., Hdt.; [[rare]] in [[attic]]:— καὶ ὥς, [[even]] so, [[nevertheless]], οὐδ' ὥς, μηδ' ὥς, not [[even]] so, in no [[wise]], Hom., Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> in Comparisons, ὥς . . , ὡς . . , so . . as . . , Lat. sic . . ut . . , Il., Plat.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[thus]], for [[instance]], Od.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> ὡς, Relat., as, Lat. ut, [[first]] in Hom.; [[οὕτως]] ὡς, Lat. sic ut; but the antec. is often omitted: similes are [[commonly]] introduced by ὡς ὅτε, ὡς δ' ὅτε, [[where]] ὅτε often seems [[superfluous]], [[ἤριπε]] δ', ὡς ὅτε [[πύργος]] [[ἤριπε]] Il.:—[[this]] ὡς takes the [[accent]] at the end of a [[clause]] or [[when]] it follows the [[word]] [[dependent]] on it; θεὸς δ' ὣς [[τίετο]] δήμῳ Il.; οἱ δὲ φέβοντο, [[βόες]] ὥς Od.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> according as, [[where]] the relat. Pron. [[ὅσος]] [[might]] [[stand]], as ἑλὼν [[κρέας]] ὥς (i. e. [[ὅσον]]) οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον Od.; σοὶ θεοὶ πόροιεν ὡς ἐγὼ [[θέλω]] Soph.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> parenthetically, to [[qualify]] a [[general]] [[statement]], ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, ὡς ἔοικε, etc., as it seems; often with γε or [[γοῦν]] added, ὡς [[γοῦν]] as at any [[rate]]:—these phrases [[become]] elliptical, ὡς [[ἐμοί]] or ὥς γ' [[ἐμοί]] (sc. δοκεῖ); ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων (sc. εἰκάσαἰ to [[judge]] by eyesight, Soph.;—also, ὡς [[Λακεδαιμόνιος]] (sc. ὤν) considering he was a Lacedaemonian, Thuc.; ὡς [[γυνή]] as a [[woman]], like a [[very]] [[woman]], Soph.: —so ὡς is [[attached]] to the Object of the Verb, συμπέμψας αὐτὸν ὡς φύλακα (sc. εἶναἰ having sent him with them as a [[guard]], Hdt.; ὡς ἐπὶ φρυγανισμόν as if for collecting [[fuel]], Thuc.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> to [[limit]] or [[augment]] the [[force]] of Adverbs: ὡς [[ἀληθῶς]] as of a [[truth]], i. e. in [[very]] [[truth]], Plat.; also [[after]] Adverbs expressing [[anything]] [[extraordinary]], [[θαυμαστῶς]] or [[θαυμασίως]] ὡς, [[ὑπερφυῶς]] ὡς, v. sub vocc.:—also with the Sup., like [[ὅ τι]] and [[ὅπως]], ὡς [[μάλιστα]], = Lat. [[quam]] [[maxime]], ὡς [[ῥᾷστα]], = [[quam]] facillime; ὡς [[τάχιστα]], = [[quam]] celerrime, Hdt., etc.:—in the phrases ὡς τὸ [[πολύ]], ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ [[πολύ]] Plat.; ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ [[πλῆθος]] Plat.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> so also with Adjs., [[ὅπως]] ὡς βέλτισται ἔσονται Plat.; ὡς ἐς ἐλάχιστον Thuc.<br />B. ὡς, as CONJUNCTION:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> with Substantive Clauses, for ὅτι, Lat. [[quod]], that, expressing a [[fact]], μηκέτ' ἐκφοβοῦ, ὥς σε ἀτιμάσει Soph., etc.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> ὡς with Final Clauses, that, in [[order]] that, Lat. ut; ὡς, and ὡς ἄν, epic ὥς κεν, [[being]] used, like [[other]] Final Conjunctions, with the subj. [[after]] the [[principal]] tenses of the ind., and with the opt. [[after]] the [[past]] tenses: cf. ἵνα B, [[ὅπως]] B.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> with [[past]] tenses of the ind. to [[express]] an [[event]] that is [[past]], and [[therefore]] [[impossible]], τί μ' οὐκ ἔκτεινας, ὡς [[ἔδειξα]] [[μήποτε]] . . ; so that I [[never]] should . . , Soph.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> ὡς c. inf., to [[limit]] an [[assertion]], ὡς [[εἰπεῖν]] so to say, Lat. ut ita dicam, Hdt.; ὡς [[ἔπος]] [[εἰπεῖν]], etc.; ὡς εἰκάσαι to make a [[guess]], i. e. [[probably]], Hdt.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> [[just]] like [[ὥστε]] c. inf., so that, Lat. [[adeo]] ut, ita ut, [[εὖρος]] ὡς δύο τριήρεας πλέειν [[ὁμοῦ]] in [[breadth]] [[such]] that two triremes could [[sail]] [[abreast]], Hdt.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ἢ ὡς [[after]] a comp., μάσσον' ἢ ὡς ἰδέμεν Pind.; μαλακώτεροι, ἢ ὡς [[κάλλιον]] Plat.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b> Causal, like ὅτι or [[ἐπεί]], as, inasmuch, as, [[since]], Lat. [[quia]], [[quandoquidem]], τί ποτε λέγεις; ὡς οὐ [[μανθάνω]] Soph.<br /><b class="num">V.</b> Temporal, for ὅτε, [[ἐπεί]], [[when]], Lat. ut, ἐνῶρτο [[γέλως]], ὡς [[ἴδον]] [[laughter]] arose [[among]] them, [[when]] they saw, Il.; with opt., to [[express]] a [[repeated]] [[action]], [[whenever]], ὡς ἀπίκοιτο Hdt.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ὡς seems to be used for ἕως or [[ἔστε]], so [[long]] as, [[while]], ὡς ἂν αὑτὸς [[ἥλιος]] αἴρῃ Soph.:—in [[later]] Gr. = ἕως, [[while]], NTest.<br /><b class="num">VI.</b> = [[ὅπως]], how, like Lat. ut for [[quomodo]], μερμήριζε, ὡς Ἀχιλῆα τιμήσειε Il.;—so, οὐκ ἔσθ' ὡς [[nowise]] can it be that, Soph.; οἶσθ' ὡς ποίησον, by a [[mixture]] of constructions for ὡς χρὴ ποιῆσαι, Soph.; v. *[[εἴδω]] B. 5.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ὡς ἂν ποιήσῃς [[however]] thou may'st act, Soph.<br /><b class="num">VII.</b> Local, for [[ὅπου]], [[where]], Theocr.<br />C. [[some]] [[special]] usages:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> with Participles, to [[give]] the [[reason]] or [[motive]] of the [[action]] expressed by the Verb, if, as, διαβαίνει, ὡς ἀμήσων τὸν [[σῖτον]] Hdt.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> with Participles in the [[case]] of the Object, λέγουσιν [[ἡμᾶς]] ὡς ὀλωλότας they [[speak]] of us as [[dead]], Aesch.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> with Participles put [[absolutely]], ἐρώτα [[ὅ τι]] [[βούλει]], ὡς τἀληθῆ ἐροῦντος (i. e. πιστεύων με ἐρεῖν) Xen., etc.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> so also [[before]] Prepositions, ἀνήγοντο ὡς ἐπὶ ναυμαχίαν (i. e. ὡς ναυμαχήσοντεσ) Thuc.; [[πλεῖς]] ὡς πρὸς οἶκον Soph.; ὡς ἐκ κακῶν ἐχάρη Hdt.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> the Preps. εἰς, ἐπί, came to be omitted, and ὡς itself appears to be used as a prep. c. acc., but only c. acc. pers., τὸν ὅμοιον [[ἄγει]] θεὸς ὡς τὸν ὅμοιον god brings like to like, Od.; ὡς Ἆγιν ἐπρεσβεύσαντο Thuc.<br />D. ὡς, [[before]] [[independent]] sentences:<br /><b class="num">I.</b> ὡς as an [[emphatic]] [[exclamation]], how, as Lat. ut for [[quam]], ὡς ἄνοον κραδίην ἔχες how [[silly]] a [[heart]] hadst thou! Il.; ὡς ἀγαθόν Od.; ὡς [[ἀστεῖος]] ὁ [[ἄνθρωπος]] how [[charming]] he is! Plat.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> [[when]] it is joined to a Verb, its [[force]] extends to the [[whole]] [[sentence]], ὥς ὑπερδέδοικά σου how [[greatly]] do I [[fear]] for thee, Soph.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> it also denotes a [[quick]] [[succession]] of events, ὡς ἴδεν, ὥς μιν [[Ἔρως]] φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψεν how he saw, how did Love [[encompass]] his [[heart]], i. e. he saw and [[straightway]] Love . . , Il.; ὡς [[ἴδον]], ὡς [[ἐμάνην]], ὥς μευ περὶ θυμὸς ἰάφθη Theocr.; (so Virgil ut vidi, ut perii, ut me [[malus]] abstulit [[error]]).<br /><b class="num">II.</b> ὡς to [[express]] a [[wish]], like [[εἴθε]], Lat. [[utinam]], oh that! with the opt. ὡς ἀπόλοιτο καὶ [[ἄλλος]] Od.; ὡς μὴ θάνοι oh that he [[might]] not die! Od.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ὡς joined with [[other]] words of wishing, ὡς [[ὤφελες]] αὐτόθ' [[ὀλέσθαι]] Il.; ὡς δὴ μὴ [[ὄφελον]] [[νικᾶν]] Od.<br />E. ὡς with Numerals marks that they are to be taken only as a [[round]] [[number]], as it were, [[about]], [[nearly]], σὺν ἀνθρώποις ὡς [[εἴκοσι]] Xen.; [[παῖς]] ὡς [[ἑπταετής]] [[some]] [[seven]] years old, Plat.<br />F. ὡς in [[some]] Elliptical Phrases:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> ὡς τί (sc. γένηταἰ; to [[what]] end? Eur.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> ὡς [[ἕκαστος]] [[each]] [[separately]], Lat. pro se [[quisque]], Hdt., Thuc.<br />G. Etymology: ὡς is an adv. [[form]] of the relat. ὅς, as τώς of ὁ, [[οὕτως]] of [[οὗτος]].

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