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|Transliteration C=stoicheion | |Transliteration C=stoicheion | ||
|Beta Code=stoixei=on | |Beta Code=stoixei=on | ||
|Definition=τό: < | |Definition=τό:<br><span class="bld">I</span> in a form of [[sundial]], the [[shadow]] of the [[gnomon]], the length of which in feet indicated the [[time]] of [[day]], <b class="b3">ὅταν ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον</b> when the [[shadow]] is [[ten]] [[feet]] long, Ar.''Ec.''652, v. Sch.; ὁπηνίκ' ἂν εἴκοσι ποδῶν.. τὸ στοιχεῖον ᾖ Eub.119.7, cf. Philem.83.<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[element]],<br><span class="bld">1</span> a [[simple]] [[sound]] of [[speech]], as the [[first]] [[component]] of the [[syllable]], [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Cratylus|Cra.]]''424d; <b class="b3">τὸ ῥῶ τὸ στοιχεῖον</b> ib.426d; γραμμάτων σ. καὶ συλλαβάς Id.''Tht.''202e; στοιχεῖον ἐστι φωνὴ [[ἀδιαίρετος]] Arist.''Po.''1456b22; φωνῆς στοιχεῖα καὶ ἀρχαὶ δοκοῦσιν εἶναι ταῦτ' ἐξ ὧν σύγκεινται αἱ φωναὶ πρώτων Id.''Metaph.''998a23, cf.Gal.15.6:—[[στοιχεῖα]] therefore, strictly, were different from [[letter]]s ([[γράμμα]]τα), Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.213, Sch.D.T.p.32, al., but are freq. not clearly distinguished from them, as by [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''l.c., ''Cra.''426d; τὰ στοιχεῖα τῶν γραμμάτων τὰ τέτταρα καὶ εἴκοσι Aen.Tact.31.21; <b class="b3">στοιχεῖον ε</b> [[letter]] ε (in a filing-system), ''BGU''959.2 (ii A.D.); <b class="b3">ἀκουόμενα στοιχεῖα</b> [[letter]]s which are [[pronounced]], A.D.''Adv.''165.17; [[γράμμα]]τα and στοιχεῖα are expressly identified by D.T.630.32; the ς. and its name are confused by A.D. ''Synt.''29.1, but distinguished by Hdn.Gr. ap. Choerob.''in Theod.''1.340, Sch.D.T. [[l.c.]]:—[[κατὰ στοιχεῖον]] = [[in the order of the letters]], [[alphabetically]], AP11.15 (Ammian.); dub.sens.in Plu.2.422e.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in Physics, [[στοιχεῖα]] were the [[component]]s into which matter is [[ultimately]] [[divisible]], [[element]]s, reduced to four by [[Empedocles]], who called them [[ῥιζὤματα]], the word [[στοιχεῖα]] being first used (acc. to Eudem. ap. Simp.''in Ph.''7.13) by Pl., <b class="b3">τὰ πρῶτα οἱονπερεὶς, ἐξ ὧν ἡμεῖς τε συγκείμεθα καὶ τἄλλα</b> ''Tht.''201e; <b class="b3">τὰ τῶν πάντων στοιχεῖα</b> ''Plt.''278d; αὐτὰ τιθέμενοι στοιχεῖα τοῦ παντός ''Ti.''48b, cf. Arist.''GC''314a29, ''Metaph.''998a28, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''Sens.''3, al., D.L.3.24; στοιχεῖα σωματικά [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Meteorologica|Mete.]]''338a22, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''Fragmenta'' 46; <b class="b3">ἄτομα στοιχεῖα</b> Epicur.''Ep.''2p.36U.; equivalent to [[ἀρχαί]], Thales ap.Plu.2.875c, Anaximand. ap. D.L.2.1, Anon. ap. Arist.''Ph.''188b28, ''Metaph.''1059b23, al.; but Arist. also distinguishes στοιχεῖον from [[ἀρχή]] as less [[comprehensive]], ib.1070b23; <b class="b3">τὰ στοιχεῖα ὕλη τῆς οὐσίας</b> ib.1088b27; <b class="b3">τρία τὰ στοιχεῖα</b> Id.''Ph.''189b16; distinguished from [[ἀρχή]] on other grounds by ''Stoic.''2.111; στοιχεῖον used in three senses by [[Chrysippus]], ib.136, cf. Zeno ib.1.24, al.; in Medicine, Gal.6.3, 420, al., 15.7, al.; Αἰθέρ, κόσμου στοιχεῖον ἄριστον Orph.''H.''5.4; <b class="b3">ἀνηλεὲς στοιχεῖον</b>, of the [[sea]], Babr.71.4; <b class="b3">τὸ στοιχεῖον</b>, of the [[sea]], Polem.''Cyn.''44; <b class="b3">ἄμφω τὰ στοιχεῖα</b>, i.e. [[land]] and [[sea]], ib.''ΙΙ'', cf. Hdn.3.1.5, Him.''Ecl.''2.18.<br><span class="bld">3</span> the [[elements of proof]], e.g. in general [[reasoning]] the <b class="b3">πρῶτοι συλλογισμοί</b>, [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''1014b1; in Geometry, the propositions whose proof is involved in the proof of other propositions, ib.998a26, 1014a36; title of geometrical works by Hippocrates of Chios, Leon, Theudios, and Euclid, Procl. ''in Euc.''pp.66,67,68F.: hence applied to whatever is one, small, and capable of many uses, [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''1014b3; to whatever is most universal, e.g. the unit and the point, ib.6; the line and the circle, Id.''Top.''158b35; the [[τόπος]] (argument applicable to a variety of subjects), ib.120b13, al., ''Rh.''1358a35, al.; στοιχεῖα τὰ γένη λέγουσί τινες Id.''Metaph.''1014b10; <b class="b3">τὸ νόμισμα στοιχεῖον καὶ πέρας τῆς ἀλλαγῆς</b> coin is the unit..of [[exchange]], Id.''Pol.''1257b23; in Grammar, <b class="b3">στοιχεῖα τῆς λέξεως</b> [[parts]] of [[speech]], [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|D.H.]]''[[De Compositione Verborum|Comp.]]''2; but also, the [[letters]] composing a word, A.D.''Synt.''313.7; [[letters]] of the [[alphabet]], Diog. Bab.''Stoic.''3.213; <b class="b3">στοιχεῖα τοῦ λόγου</b> the [[element]]s of [[speech]], viz. [[word]]s, or the [[kinds of words]], [[part]]s of speech, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ap. Simp. ''in Cat.''10.24, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.45, A.D.''Synt.''7.1, 313.6.<br><span class="bld">4</span> generally, [[elementary]] or [[fundamental]] [[principle]], <b class="b3">ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων</b> [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''2.1.1; σ. χρηστῆς πολιτείας Isoc.2.16; <b class="b3">τὸ πολλάκις εἰρημένον μέγιστον στοιχεῖον</b> [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Politica|Pol.]]''1309b16; στοιχεῖα τῆς ὅλης τέχνης Nicol.Com.1.30, cf. Epicur. ''Ep.''1p.10U., ''Ep.''3p.59U., Phld.''Rh.''1.127S., Gal.6.306.<br><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">ἄστρων στοιχεῖα</b> the [[star]]s, Man.4.624; στοιχεῖα καυσούμενα λυθήσεται ''2 Ep.Pet.''3.10, cf. 12; esp. [[planet]]s, στοιχείῳ Διός ''PLond.''1.130.60 (i/ii A.D.); so perhaps in ''Ep.Gal.''4.3, ''Ep.Col.''2.8; esp. a [[sign of the Zodiac]], D.L.6.102; of the Great Bear, ''PMag.Par.''1.1303.<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[στοιχεῖον]] = [[ἀριθμός]], as etym. of [[Στοιχαδεύς]], Sch.D.T.p.192 H. | ||
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|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0945.png Seite 945]] τό, eigtl. dim. von [[στοῖχος]], eine kleine aufgerichtete Stange, bes. der Stift an der Sonnenuhr, der den Schatten wirst und dadurch die Stunden des Tages bestimmt, daher auch dieser Schatten selbst, δεκάπουν [[στοιχεῖον]], von der Zeit des Abendessens, Ar. Eccl. 652; vgl. Eubul. bei Ath. I, 8 b u. Poll. 6, 44. – Der Buchstabe, als erster, einfachster Bestandtheil der Rede (στ. ἐστὶ φωνὴ [[ἀδιαίρετος]], Arist. poet. 20), zunächst nur insofern er gesprochen wurde, γράμματα hießen die geschriebenen; τὸ ῥῶ τὸ [[στοιχεῖον]], Plat. Crat. 426 d, u. öfter in diesem Gespräche; vgl. 434 b, ἔστι δὲ ἐξ ὧν [[συνθετέον]] τὰ ὀνόματα, στοιχεῖα; auch γραμμάτων στοιχεῖα, Theaet. 202 e; κατὰ [[στοιχεῖον]], nach der Buchstabenfolge, nach dem Alphabet. – | |ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0945.png Seite 945]] τό, eigtl. dim. von [[στοῖχος]], eine kleine aufgerichtete Stange, bes. der Stift an der Sonnenuhr, der den Schatten wirst und dadurch die Stunden des Tages bestimmt, daher auch dieser Schatten selbst, δεκάπουν [[στοιχεῖον]], von der Zeit des Abendessens, Ar. Eccl. 652; vgl. Eubul. bei Ath. I, 8 b u. Poll. 6, 44. – Der [[Buchstabe]], als erster, einfachster Bestandtheil der Rede (στ. ἐστὶ φωνὴ [[ἀδιαίρετος]], Arist. poet. 20), zunächst nur insofern er gesprochen wurde, γράμματα hießen die geschriebenen; τὸ ῥῶ τὸ [[στοιχεῖον]], Plat. Crat. 426 d, u. öfter in diesem Gespräche; vgl. 434 b, ἔστι δὲ ἐξ ὧν [[συνθετέον]] τὰ ὀνόματα, στοιχεῖα; auch γραμμάτων στοιχεῖα, Theaet. 202 e; κατὰ [[στοιχεῖον]], nach der Buchstabenfolge, nach dem Alphabet. – Übh. die ersten, einfachsten Bestandtheile, πυρὸς στοιχεῖόν τε καὶ [[σπέρμα]], Plat. Tim. 56 b; λάβωμεν τοῦτο οἷον [[στοιχεῖον]] ἐπ' ἀμφότερα σώματός τε καὶ ψυχῆς, Legg VII, 790 c; πολιτείας, Isocr. 2, 16. – Bes. die ersten Bestandtheile körperlicher Dinge, die Grundstoffe, Elemente, deren Empedokles zuerst vier annahm und sie ῥιζώματα nannte; περὶ τὰ τῶν πάντων στοιχεῖα, Plat. Polit. 278 c; ἀμφότερα, Erde und Wasser, Polemo 1, 11; σκοπῶμεν ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ τῆς τρο φῆς ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῶν στοιχείων, Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 1; Arist. partt. an. 2, 1. – Bes. auch die Anfangsgründe der Wissenschaften, Elemente, Sp.; στοιχεῖα ἐνθυμημάτων, die Topik der Schlußarten, Arist. rhet. 2, 22; in der Geometrie die Punkte, Linien, Flächen. – Bei den Alexandrinern = Gestalt, Bild, bes. Bild des Tierkreises, D. L. 1, 102. | ||
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|elnltext=στοιχεῖον -ου, τό [στοῖχος] | |elnltext=στοιχεῖον -ου, τό [στοῖχος] [[basiselement]], [[element]], [[grondbeginsel]], [[beginsel]], [[principe]]:. τὰ τῶν πάντων στοιχεῖα de grondbeginselen van alle dingen Plat. Plt. 278d; τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου de elementen van de wereld, d.w.z. de materiële werkelijkheid NT. gramm., letter (in de rij van het alfabet):. τὸ ῥῶ τὸ στοιχεῖον de letter rho Plat. Crat. 426d; γραμμάτων στοιχεῖα de elementen in de rij van letters, de letters van het alfabet Plat. Tht. 202e; σ. ἐστι φωνὴ ἀδιαίρετος een letter is een ondeelbare klank Aristot. Poët. 1456b22. op een zonnewijzer schaduw van de pen (die de tijd aangaf):. ὅταν ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ σ. wanneer de schaduw van de pen tien voet is (d.w.z. vlak voor zonsondergang) Aristoph. Eccl. 652. | ||
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|elrutext='''στοιχεῖον:''' τό<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[тень от стрелки солнечных часов]]: [[ὅταν]] ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ | |elrutext='''στοιχεῖον:''' τό<br /><b class="num">1</b> [[тень от стрелки солнечных часов]]: [[ὅταν]] ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον Arph. когда тень от стрелки достигнет десяти футов;<br /><b class="num">2</b> [[буква]] (с точка зрения ее звукового достоинства), звук речи: σ. ἐστιν φωνὴ [[ἀδιαίρετος]] Arst. звук речи есть звук неделимый; τὰ τῶν γραμμάτων στοιχεῖα Plat. звучания букв; κατὰ σ. Anth. по алфавиту;<br /><b class="num">3</b> филос. (материальное) первоначало, элемент, стихия: τὰ τῶν πάντων στοιχεῖα Plat. мировые стихии; ἀνηλεὲς σ. Babr. безжалостная стихия, т. е. море; ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ σ. Arst. начало формирующее и начало вещественное;<br /><b class="num">4</b> [[начало]], [[основа]] (τὸ ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀδιαίρετον σ. λέγεται Arst.): τὸ [[νόμισμα]] στοιχεῖον τῆς ἀλλαγῆς ἐστιν Arst. деньги являются основой обмена; στοιχεῖα τῆς λέξεως Arst. части речи;<br /><b class="num">5</b> [[основная идея]], [[основоположение]], [[принцип]] (στοιχεῖα περὶ ἀγαθοῦ Arst.): στοιχεῖα τῶν ἀποδείξεων Arst. принципы доказательств, т. е. термины силлогизма;<br /><b class="num">6</b> астр. [[знак Зодиака]] (τὰ [[δώδεκα]] στοιχεῖα Diog. L.). | ||
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|strgr=neuter of a presumed derivative of the [[base]] of [[στοιχέω]]; [[something]] [[orderly]] in [[arrangement]], i.e. (by [[implication]]) a serial (basal, [[fundamental]], [[initial]]) constituent ([[literally]]), [[proposition]] ([[figuratively]]): [[element]], [[principle]], [[rudiment]]. | |strgr=neuter of a presumed derivative of the [[base]] of [[στοιχέω]]; [[something]] [[orderly]] in [[arrangement]], i.e. (by [[implication]]) a serial (basal, [[fundamental]], [[initial]]) [[constituent]] ([[literally]]), [[proposition]] ([[figuratively]]): [[element]], [[principle]], [[rudiment]]. | ||
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|txtha=στοιχειου, τό (from [[στοῖχος]] a [[row]], [[rank]], [[series]]; [[hence]], [[properly]], [[that]] [[which]] belongs to [[any]] [[στοῖχος]], [[that]] of [[which]] a [[στοῖχος]] is [[composed]]; [[hence]]), "[[any]] [[first]] [[thing]], from [[which]] the others belonging to [[some]] [[series]] or [[composite]] [[whole]] [[take]] [[their]] [[rise]]; an [[element]], [[first]] [[principle]]". The [[word]] denotes [[specifically]]:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> the letters of the [[alphabet]] as the elements of [[speech]], [[not]] [[however]] the written characters ([[which]] are called γράμματα), [[but]] the [[spoken]] sounds: [[στοιχεῖον]] φωνῆς [[φωνή]] [[ἀσύνθετος]], [[Plato]] [[definition]], p. 414e.; τό ῥω τό [[στοιχεῖον]], id. Crat., p. 426d.; [[στοιχεῖον]] ἐστι [[φωνή]] ἀδιαιρετος, οὐ [[πᾶσα]] δέ, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἧς πεφυκε συνετή γίγνεσθαι [[φωνή]], [[Aristotle]], [[poet]]. 20, p. 1456{b}, 22.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> the elements from [[which]] [[all]] things [[have]] [[come]], the [[material]] causes of the [[universe]] (ἐστι δέ [[στοιχεῖον]], ἐξ οὗ πρώτου γίνεται τά γινόμενα καί | |txtha=στοιχειου, τό (from [[στοῖχος]] a [[row]], [[rank]], [[series]]; [[hence]], [[properly]], [[that]] [[which]] belongs to [[any]] [[στοῖχος]], [[that]] of [[which]] a [[στοῖχος]] is [[composed]]; [[hence]]), "[[any]] [[first]] [[thing]], from [[which]] the others belonging to [[some]] [[series]] or [[composite]] [[whole]] [[take]] [[their]] [[rise]]; an [[element]], [[first]] [[principle]]". The [[word]] denotes [[specifically]]:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> the letters of the [[alphabet]] as the elements of [[speech]], [[not]] [[however]] the written characters ([[which]] are called γράμματα), [[but]] the [[spoken]] sounds: [[στοιχεῖον]] φωνῆς [[φωνή]] [[ἀσύνθετος]], [[Plato]] [[definition]], p. 414e.; τό ῥω τό [[στοιχεῖον]], id. Crat., p. 426d.; [[στοιχεῖον]] ἐστι [[φωνή]] ἀδιαιρετος, οὐ [[πᾶσα]] δέ, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἧς πεφυκε συνετή γίγνεσθαι [[φωνή]], [[Aristotle]], [[poet]]. 20, p. 1456{b}, 22.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> the elements from [[which]] [[all]] things [[have]] [[come]], the [[material]] causes of the [[universe]] (ἐστι δέ [[στοιχεῖον]], ἐξ οὗ πρώτου γίνεται τά γινόμενα καί εἰς ὁ ἔσχατον ἀναλύεται ... τό [[πῦρ]], τό [[ὕδωρ]], ὁ [[ἀήρ]], ἡ γῆ, ([[Diogenes]] Laërtius [[Zeno]] 137); so [[very]] [[often]] from [[Plato]] down, as in Tim., p. 48b.; in the Scriptures: the [[heavenly]] bodies, [[either]] as parts of the heavens, or (as others [[think]]) [[because]] in [[them]] the elements of [[man]]'s [[life]] and [[destiny]] were supposed to [[reside]]; so in the earlier ecclesiastical writings: Ep. ad Diogn. 7,2 [ET]; Justin Martyr, dialog contra Trypho, 23; τά [[Οὐρανία]] στοιχεῖα, id. Apology 2,5; στοιχεῖα Θεοῦ, created by God, Theophilus Ant. ad Autol. 1,4; cf. Hilgenfeld, Galaterbrief, pp. 66-77. Hence, [[some]] interpreters [[infelicitously]] [[understand]] Paul's [[phrase]] τά στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου, the elements, rudiments, [[primary]] and [[fundamental]] principles (cf. [[our]] '[[alphabet]]' or 'a b c') of [[any]] [[art]], [[science]], or [[discipline]]; e. g. of [[mathematics]], as in the [[title]] of Euclid's [[well-known]] [[work]]; στοιχεῖα [[πρῶτα]] καί μέγιστα [[χρήστης]] πολιτείας, Isocrates, p. 18a.; τῆς ἀρετῆς, [[Plutarch]], de puer. educ. 16,2; [[many]] examples are given in Passow, [[under]] the [[word]], 4, ii., p. 1550b; (cf. Liddell and Scott, [[under]] the [[word]], II:3,4). In the [[NT|N.T.]] we [[have]] τά στοιχεῖα τῆς ἀρχῆς τῶν λογίων τοῦ Θεοῦ ([[see]] [[ἀρχή]], 1b., p. 76{b} [[bottom]]), νήπιοι, τά στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου, the rudiments [[with]] [[which]] [[mankind]] [[like]] νήπιοι were indoctrinated [[before]] the [[time]] of Christ, i. e. the elements of religions [[training]], or the [[ceremonial]] precepts [[common]] [[alike]] to the [[worship]] of Jews and of Gentiles, δεδουλωμένοι [[ὑπό]] τά στοιχεῖα); [[specifically]], the [[ceremonial]] requirements [[especially]] of Jewish [[tradition]], [[minutely]] [[set]] [[forth]] by theosophists and false teachers, and [[fortified]] by [[specious]] [[argument]], τά στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου is [[fully]] discussed by Schneckenburger in the Theolog. Jahrbücher for 1848, Part iv., p. 445ff; Neander in the Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Christl. Wissensehaft for 1850, p. 205ff; Kienlen in Reuss u. Cunitz's Beiträge zu d. theolog. Wissenschaften, vol. ii., p. 133ff; E. Schaubach, Comment. [[qua]] exponitur quid στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου in [[NT|N.T.]] sibi velint. (Meining. 1862). | ||
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