forum: Difference between revisions

|lshtext=<b>fŏrum</b>: i, (archaic form fŏrus, i, m., to [[accord]] [[with]] [[locus]], Lucil. ap. [[Charis]]. p. 55 P., and ap. Non. 206, 15; Pompon. ib.), n. etym. dub.; perh. [[root]] Sanscr. dhar-, [[support]]; dhar-as, [[mountain]], etc.; Lat. [[forma]], [[fortis]], [[frenum]], etc.; lit., a [[place]] or [[space]] [[with]] [[set]] bounds, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 149,<br /><b>I</b> [[what]] is [[out]] of doors, an [[outside]] [[space]] or [[place]]; in partic., as opp. the [[house]], a [[public]] [[place]], a [[market]]-[[place]], [[market]] (cf.: [[macellum]], [[emporium]], [[velabrum]]): [[forum]] [[sex]] modis intelligitur. Primo, negotiationis [[locus]], ut [[forum]] Flaminium, [[forum]] Julium, ab eorum nominibus, qui ea fora constituenda curarunt, [[quod]] [[etiam]] locis privatis et in viis et in agris fieri solet. Alio, in quo judicia fieri, cum [[populo]] agi, contiones haberi solent. Tertio, cum is, qui provinciae praeest, [[forum]] agere dicitur, cum civitates vocat et de controversiis eorum cognoscit. Quarto, cum id [[forum]] antiqui appellabant, [[quod]] [[nunc]] [[vestibulum]] sepulcri dicari solet. Quinto, [[locus]] in navi, sed tum masculini generis est et plurale (v. [[forus]]). Sexto, [[fori]] [[significant]] et Circensia spectacula, ex quibus [[etiam]] minores forulos dicimus. Inde et forare, [[foras]] [[dare]], et fores, [[foras]] et foriculae, id est ostiola dicuntur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 84 Müll.<br /><b>I</b> In gen., an [[open]] [[space]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> The [[area]] [[before]] a [[tomb]], [[fore]]-[[court]]: [[quod]] (lex XII. Tabularum de sepulcris) FORUM, id est, [[vestibulum]] sepulcri, BUSTUMVE USUCAPI vetat, tuetur jus sepulcrorum, Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 61.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> The [[part]] of the [[wine]]-[[press]] in [[which]] the grapes were laid, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 2; Col. 11, 2, 71; 12, 18, 3.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> Plur.: fora = [[fori]], the gangways of a [[ship]], Gell. ap. [[Charis]]. 55 P.—<br /><b>II</b> In partic., a [[public]] [[place]], [[market]]-[[place]].<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> A [[market]], as a [[place]] for [[buying]] and [[selling]]: quae vendere vellent quo conferrent, [[forum]] appellarunt. Ubi [[quid]] [[generatim]] (i. e. [[secundum]] singula genera), additum ab eo [[cognomen]], ut [[forum]] boarium, [[forum]] olitorium, cupedinis, etc. ... Haec omnia [[posteaquam]] contracta in unum locum quae ad victum pertinebant et aedificatus [[locus]]: appellatum [[macellum]], etc., Varr. L. L. 5, § 145 sq. Müll.— Esp.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(a)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[forum]] boarium, the cattlemarket, [[between]] the Circus Maximus and the [[Tiber]], Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Paul. ex Fest. p. 30, 5; Liv. 21, 62, 2; Plin. 34, 2, 5, § 10; Tac. A. 12, 24; cf. Ov. F. 6, 477. A [[part]] of this [[was]] [[probably]] the [[forum]] suarium, Dig. 1, 12, 1, § 11.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(b)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[forum]] olitorium, the [[vegetable]]-[[market]], [[south]] of the [[theatre]] of [[Marcellus]], [[between]] the [[Tiber]] and the Capitoline [[hill]]; here stood the [[columna]] lactaria, at [[which]] infants were [[exposed]], Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Liv. 21, 63, 3; Tac. A. 2, 49; Paul. ex Fest. p. 118, 6. [[Here]] [[was]] [[probably]] the [[forum]] coqui-num also, in [[which]] [[professional]] cooks offered [[their]] services in preparing [[special]] entertainments, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 1.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(g)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; fo-rum piscarium (or piscatorium), the [[fish]]-[[market]], [[between]] the [[basilica]] Porcia and the Temple of [[Vesta]], Varr. L. L. 5, § 146 Müll.; Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 13; Liv. 26, 27, 3; 40, 51, 5; Col. 8, 17, 15.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>(d)</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[forum]] cuppedinis, the [[market]] for dainties, [[between]] the via sacra and the [[macellum]], Varr. L. L. 5, § 186 Müll. Cf. the [[similar]] [[market]] in [[another]] [[town]], App. M. 1, p. 113, 30 (dub. Hildebr. cupidinis).—Of places [[where]] markets were held, a [[market]]-[[town]], [[market]]-[[place]]: L. [[Clodius]], [[pharmacopola]] [[circumforaneus]], qui properaret, cui fora [[multa]] restarent, [[simul]] [[atque]] [[introductus]] est, rem confecit, Cic. Clu. 14, 40: [[oppidum]] Numidarum, nomine [[Vaga]], [[forum]] rerum venalium totius regni [[maxime]] celebratum, Sall. J. 47, 1.—Prov.: Scisti uti [[foro]], [[you]] knew [[how]] to [[make]] [[your]] [[market]], i. e. [[how]] to [[act]] for [[your]] [[advantage]], Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 29; v. [[Don]]. ad loc.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> The [[market]]-[[place]], [[forum]], in [[each]] [[city]], as the [[principal]] [[place]] of [[meeting]], [[where]] [[public]] affairs were discussed, courts of [[justice]] held, [[money]] transactions carried on: [[statua]] ejus (Anicii) [[Praeneste]] in [[foro]] statuta, Liv. 23, 19, 18; [[hence]] also, transf., to [[denote]] affairs of [[state]], [[administration]] of [[justice]], or banking [[business]]. In [[Rome]] esp. the [[forum]] Romanum, Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 66; Tac. A. 12, 24; called also [[forum]] magnum, [[vetus]], or, oftener, absol., [[forum]], Liv. 1, 12, 8; 9, 40, 16; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 et saep.; a [[low]], [[open]] [[artificial]] [[level]], [[about]] [[six]] [[hundred]] and [[thirty]] Parisian feet [[long]], and [[rather]] [[more]] [[than]] a [[hundred]] [[wide]], [[between]] the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticos (basilicae) and the shops of [[money]]-changers (argentariae), in [[later]] times surrounded [[with]] [[fine]] buildings, and [[adorned]] [[with]] [[numberless]] statues (cf. on it Becker's Antiq. 1, p. 281 sq., and Dict. of Antiq. p. 451): in [[foro]] [[infumo]] boni homines [[atque]] dites ambulant, Plaut. Curc. 4, 1, 14: in [[foro]] turbaque, Cic. Rep. 1, 17: arripere verba de [[foro]], to [[pick]] [[them]] up in the [[street]], id. Fin. 3, 2, 4: in [[vulgus]] et in [[foro]] dicere, id. Rep. 3, 30 (Fragm. ap. Non. 262, 24): cum [[Decimus]] [[quidam]] Verginius virginem filiam in [[foro]] sua manu interemisset, id. Rep. 2, 37: in [[forum]] descendere, id. ib. 6, 2 (Fragm. ap. Non. 501, 28): [[foro]] [[nimium]] distare [[Carinas]], Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 48: fallacem Circum vespertinumque [[pererro]] Saepe [[forum]], id. S. 1, 6, 114: forumque litibus orbum, id. C. 4, 2, 44: Hostes in [[foro]] ac locis patentioribus [[cuneatim]] constiterunt, Caes. B. G. 7, 28, 1: gladiatores ad [[forum]] producti, id. B. C. 1, 14, 4: ut [[primum]] [[forum]] attigerim, i. e. [[engaged]] in [[public]] affairs, Cic. Fam. 5, 8, 3: studia [[fori]], Tac. Agr. 39: [[forum]] putealque Libonis Mandabo siccis, adimam cantare severis, i. e. the [[grave]] affairs of [[state]], Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 8.—Of administering [[justice]] in the [[forum]]: NI PAGVNT, IN COMITIO AVT IN FORO ANTE MERIDIEM CAVSAM CONICITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 13, 20: ut pacem cum [[bello]], leges cum vi, [[forum]] et juris dictionem cum ferro et armis conferatis, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54 fin.: [[quod]] ([[tempus]]) in judiciis ac [[foro]] datur, Quint. 10, 7, 20: nec [[ferrea]] jura Insanumque [[forum]] aut populi [[tabularia]] vidit, Verg. G. 2, 502: [[forum]] agere, to [[hold]] a [[court]], [[hold]] an assize, Cic. Att. 5, 16, 4; cf. id. Fam. 3, 6, 4: lenta [[fori]] pugnamus [[harena]], Juv. 16, 47; cf. vv. sqq.—Poet. transf.: indicitque [[forum]] et patribus dat jura vocatis, Verg. A. 5, 758: civitates, quae in id [[forum]] convenerant, to [[that]] [[court]] - [[district]], Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 15, § 38: [[extra]] suum [[forum]] [[vadimonium]] promittere, [[beyond]] his [[district]], id. ib. 2, 3, 15, § 38.—Prov.: [[egomet]] [[video]] rem vorti in meo [[foro]], is [[pending]] in my [[own]] [[court]], affects me [[nearly]], Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 10: in [[alieno]] [[foro]] litigare, i. e. not to [[know]] [[what]] to do, [[which]] [[way]] to [[turn]], Mart. 12 praef.—Of the [[transaction]] of [[business]] in the [[forum]]: haec [[fides]] [[atque]] haec [[ratio]] pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae in [[foro]] versatur, Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19: [[quousque]] negotiabere? annos jam [[triginta]] in [[foro]] versaris, id. Fl. 29, 70: sublata erat de [[foro]] [[fides]], id. Agr. 2, 3 fin.: [[nisi]], etc. ... nos hunc Postumum jam [[pridem]] in [[foro]] non haberemus, i. e. he would [[have]] been a [[bankrupt]] [[long]] [[ago]], id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: cedere [[foro]], to [[quit]] the [[market]], i. e. to [[become]] [[bankrupt]], Sen. Ben. 4, 39; Dig. 16, 3, 7, § 2; Juv. 11, 50; cf. Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 16. [[Justice]] [[was]] administered in [[Rome]] not [[only]] in the [[forum]] Romanum, [[but]] also, in the times of the emperors, in the [[forum]] (Julii) Caesaris (erected by [[Julius]] [[Caesar]], Suet. Caes. 26; Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 103; 16, 44, 86, § 236) and in the [[forum]] Augusti (erected by the Emperor [[Augustus]], Suet. Aug. 29, and [[adorned]] [[with]] a [[fine]] [[ivory]] [[statue]] of [[Apollo]], Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 183; Ov. F. 5, 552; id. Tr. 3, 1, 27); called [[simply]] [[forum]], Juv. 1, 128 ([[where]] [[Apollo]] is called juris [[peritus]], in [[allusion]] to the [[judicial]] proceedings held here); [[hence]], circumscriptiones, furta, fraudes, quibus trina non sufficiunt fora, Sen. de Ira, 2, 9, 1; so, quae (verba) trino juvenis [[foro]] tonabas, Stat. S. 4, 9, 15; and: erit in triplici [[par]] mihi [[nemo]] [[foro]], Mart. 3, 38, 4: [[vacuo]] clausoque sonant fora sola theatro, Juv. 6, 68.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>C</b> Nom. propr. Fŏrum, a [[name]] of [[many]] [[market]] and assize towns, [[nine]] of [[which]], in [[Etruria]], are named, Plin. 3, 15, 20, § 116. The [[most]] [[celebrated]] are,<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>1</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Ăliēni, a [[town]] in [[Gallia]] Transpadana, [[now]] Ferrara, Tac. H. 3, 6.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Appii, a [[market]]-[[town]] in [[Latium]], on the Via [[Appia]], [[near]] Tres Tavernae, [[now]] Foro Appio, Cic. Att. 2, 10; Plin. 3, 5, 9, § 64; Hor. S. 1, 5, 3; Inscr. Orell. 780 al.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Aurēlium, a [[small]] [[city]] [[near]] [[Rome]], on the Via Aurelia, [[now]] Montalto, Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Cornē-lium, a [[town]] in [[Gallia]] Cispadana, [[now]] Imola, Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 2.—Hence, Foro-corneliensis, e, adj.: [[ager]], Plin. 3, 16, 20, § 120.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>5</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Gallōrum, a [[town]] in [[Gallia]] Cispadana, [[between]] [[Mutina]] and [[Bononia]], [[now]] Castel Franco, Cic. Fam. 10, 30, 2.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>6</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Jūlii, a [[town]] in [[Gallia]] Narbonensis, a [[colony]] of the [[eighth]] [[legion]], [[now]] Frejus, Mel. 2, 5, 3; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 35; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 15, 3; 10, 17, 1; Tac. H. 3, 43.—Deriv.: Forojulien-sis, e, adj., of or belonging to Forum Julii, Forojulian: [[colonia]], i. e. Forum Julii, Tac. H. 2, 14; 3, 43.—In <[[number]] opt="n">plur.</[[number]]>: Forojulien-ses, inhabitants of Forum Julii, Forojulians, Tac. Agr. 4.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>7</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Forum Vŏcōnii, 24 [[miles]] from Forum Julii, in the [[Pyrenees]], [[now]], acc. to [[some]], Le Canet; acc. to others, Luc, Cic. Fam. 10, 17, 1; 10, 34, 1; Plin. 3, 4, 5, § 36.