γινώσκω: Difference between revisions

|txtha=(Attic [[γιγνώσκω]], [[see]] [[γίνομαι]] at the [[beginning]]; from ΓΝΟΩ, as [[βιβρώσκω]] from ΒΡΟΩ); ([[imperfect]] ἐγίνωσκον); [[future]] [[γνώσομαι]]; 2nd aorist [[ἔγνων]] (from ΓΝΩΜΙ), [[imperative]] [[γνῶθι]], γνώτω, subjunctive [[γνῷ]] (3rd [[person]] [[singular]] γνοῖ, L T Tr WH, for R G [[γνῷ]] (Buttmann, p. 46 (40); cf. [[δίδωμι]] at the [[beginning]])), infinitive [[γνῶναι]], participle [[γνούς]]; [[perfect]] [[ἔγνωκα]] (ἔγνωκαν for ἐγνωκασι, [[see]] references in [[γίνομαι]] at the [[beginning]]); pluperfect ἐγνώκειν; [[passive]] ([[present]] 3rd [[person]] [[singular]] γινώσκεται (Tr marginal [[reading]])); [[perfect]] ἐγνωσμαι; 1st aorist ἐγνώσθην; [[future]] γνωσθήσομαί; in Greek writings from Homer down; the Sept. for יָדַע; Latin nosco, novi (i. e. gnosco, gnovi); I. [[universally]]:<br /><b class="num">1.</b> to [[learn]] to [[know]], [[come]] to [[know]], [[get]] a [[knowledge]] of; [[passive]] to [[become]] [[known]]: [[with]] the accusative, γινώσκεται, Tr marginal [[reading]] T 2,7); τί ἐκ τίνος, τινα or τί ἐν τίνι, to [[find]] a [[sign]] in a [[thing]] by [[which]] to [[know]], to recognize in or by [[something]], [[κατά]] τί [[γνώσομαι]] [[τοῦτο]], the [[truth]] of [[this]] [[promise]], [[περί]] τῆς διδαχῆς, [[ὅτι]], τί, [[ἀπό]] τίνος to [[learn]] from [[one]], [[ὑπό]] τοῦ Θεοῦ γινώσκεσθαι, Winer's Grammar, § 39,3Note 2; Buttmann, 55 (48)); negatively, in the [[sentence]] of Christ [[οὐδέποτε]] [[ἔγνων]] [[ὑμᾶς]], I [[never]] knew [[you]], [[never]] had [[any]] [[acquaintance]] [[with]] [[you]], to [[perceive]], [[feel]]: ἔγνω τῷ σώματι, [[ὅτι]] etc. [[ἔγνων]] δύναμιν ἐξελθοῦσαν ἀπ' [[ἐμοῦ]], to [[know]], [[understand]], [[perceive]], [[have]] [[knowledge]] of;<br /><b class="num">a.</b> to [[understand]]: [[with]] the accusative, τά λεγόμενα, ἅ ἀναγινώσκεις, [[ὅτι]], τί, ὁ [[κατεργάζομαι]] οὐ [[γινώσκω]] I do [[not]] [[understand]] [[what]] I am doing, my [[conduct]] is [[inexplicable]] to me, to [[know]]: τό [[θέλημα]], τάς καρδίας, [[τόν]] μή γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν [[ignorant]] of [[sin]], i. e. [[not]] [[conscious]] of having committed it, [[ἐπιστολή]] γινωσκομένη [[καί]] ἀναγινωσκομένη, τινα, to [[know]] [[one]], his [[person]], [[character]], [[mind]], plans: [[ὅτι]], [[Ἑλληνιστί]] γινώσκειν, to [[know]] Greek (graece scire, [[Cicero]], de [[fin]]. 2,5): ἐπίστασθαί [[Συριστί]], [[Xenophon]], Cyril 7,5, 31; graece nescire, [[Cicero]], pro Flac. 4,10); [[ἴστε]] ( ἐστε) γινώσκοντες ye [[know]], [[understanding]] etc. (R. V. ye [[know]] of a [[surety]], etc.), Winer's Grammar, 355 (333); (cf. Buttmann, 51 (44); 314 (269)). [[imperative]] γινώσκετε [[know]] ye: Winer's Grammar, 18), [[found]] [[also]] in Greek writings from the Alexandrian [[age]] down, [[γινώσκω]] is used of the [[carnal]] [[connection]] of [[male]] and [[female]], rem cum aliquo or aliqua habere (cf. [[our]] [[have]] a ([[criminal]]) [[intimacy]] [[with]]): of a [[husband]], [[Callimachus]] (260 B.C.>) epigr. 58,3; [[often]] in [[Plutarch]]; cf. Vögelin, [[Plutarch]], Brut., p. 10ff; so [[also]] Latin cognosco, Ovid. met. 4,596; novi, Justin Martyr, hist. 27,3, 11). II. In [[particular]] [[γινώσκω]], to [[become]] acquainted [[with]], to [[know]], is employed in the [[NT|N.T.]] of the [[knowledge]] of God and Christ, and of the things relating to [[them]] or [[proceeding]] from [[them]];<br /><b class="num">a.</b> [[τόν]] Θεόν, the [[one]], true God, in [[contrast]] [[with]] the polytheism of the Gentiles: [[τόν]] [[μόνον]] [[ἀληθινόν]] Θεόν, [[τόν]] Θεόν, the [[nature]] and [[will]] of God, in [[contrast]] [[with]] the false [[wisdom]] of [[both]] Jews and Gentiles, [[τόν]] πατέρα, the [[nature]] of God the Father, [[especially]] the [[holy]] [[will]] and [[affection]] by [[which]] he aims to [[sanctify]] and [[redeem]] men [[through]] Christ, [[γνῶθι]] [[τόν]] κύριον, the precepts of the Lord, τό [[θέλημα]] (of God), [[νοῦν]] κυρίου, [[τήν]] σοφίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, τάς ὁδούς τοῦ Θεοῦ, Χριστόν, his blessings, Χριστόν ἐγνωκέναι [[κατά]] σάρκα, γινώσκειν, ἐγνωκέναι Χριστόν denotes to [[come]] to [[know]], to [[know]], his Messianic [[dignity]] ([[τόν]] ἀπ' ἀρχῆς, γινώσκομαι [[ὑπό]] τῶν ἐμῶν, γινώσκουσιν με τά ἐμά)); his [[love]] of God (πιστεύειν and γινώσκειν, at [[one]] [[time]] putting πιστεύειν [[first]]: γινώσκειν: R G, for [[which]] L T Tr WH [[read]] [[ἵνα]] [[γνῶτε]] [[καί]] γινώσκητε (R. V. [[know]] and [[understand]])); L brackets [[καί]] ἔγνωσαν); [[γνῶναι]] ... τά τοῦ πνεύματος the things [[which]] [[proceed]] from the Spirit, τό [[πνεῦμα]] τῆς ἀληθείας [[καί]] τό [[πνεῦμα]] τῆς [[πλάνης]], τά μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν, [[τήν]] ἀλήθειαν, SYNONYMS: γινώσκειν, [[εἰδέναι]], ἐπίστασθαί, [[συνιέναι]]: In classic [[usage]] (cf. Schmidt, [[chapter]] 13), γινώσκειν, [[distinguished]] from the [[rest]] by its [[original]] inchoative [[force]], denotes a [[discriminating]] [[apprehension]] of [[external]] impressions, a [[knowledge]] grounded in [[personal]] [[experience]]. [[εἰδέναι]], [[literally]], 'to [[have]] [[seen]] [[with]] the [[mind]]'s [[eye]],' signifies a [[clear]] and [[purely]] [[mental]] [[perception]], in [[contrast]] [[both]] to [[conjecture]] and to [[knowledge]] [[derived]] from others. ἐπίστασθαί [[primarily]] expresses the [[knowledge]] obtained by [[proximity]] to the [[thing]] [[known]] (cf. [[our]] [[understand]], German verstehen); [[then]] [[knowledge]] viewed as the [[result]] of prolonged [[practice]], in [[opposition]] to the [[process]] of [[learning]] on the [[one]] [[hand]], and to the [[uncertain]] [[knowledge]] of a [[dilettante]] on the [[other]]. [[συνιέναι]] implies [[native]] [[insight]], the [[soul]]'s [[capacity]] of itself [[not]] [[only]] to [[lay]] [[hold]] of the phenomena of the [[outer]] [[world]] [[through]] the senses, [[but]] by [[combination]] ([[σύν]] and [[ἰέναι]]) to [[arrive]] at [[their]] underlying laws. Hence, [[συνιέναι]] [[may]] [[mark]] an [[antithesis]] to [[sense]]-[[perception]]; [[whereas]] γινώσκειν marks an [[advance]] [[upon]] it. As applied e. g. to a [[work]] of [[literature]], γινώσκειν expresses an [[acquaintance]] [[with]] it; ἐπίστασθαί the [[knowledge]] of its contents; [[συνιέναι]] the [[understanding]] of it, a [[comprehension]] of its [[meaning]]. γινώσκειν and [[εἰδέναι]] [[most]] [[readily]] [[come]] [[into]] [[contrast]] [[with]] [[each]] [[other]]; if [[εἰδέναι]] and ἐπίστασθαί are contrasted, the [[former]] refers [[more]] to [[natural]], the [[latter]] to [[acquired]] [[knowledge]]. In the [[NT|N.T.]], as [[might]] be [[expected]], these distinctions are [[somewhat]] [[less]] [[sharply]] marked. Such passages as [[γινώσκω]] and [[οἶδα]] are [[nearly]] interchangeable; [[yet]] [[see]] [[know]] ... [[perceive]]), and the [[characteristic]] [[use]] of [[εἰδέναι]] by John to [[describe]] [[our]] Lord's [[direct]] [[insight]] [[into]] [[divine]] things: Lightfoot's [[note]] on Green, 'Critical Notes' etc., p. 75 (on [[γινώσκω]] and [[ἐπίσταμαι]] are associated in Green, as [[above]], p. 97); [[οἶδα]] and [[γινώσκω]] in [[οἶδα]] and [[ἐπίσταμαι]] in [[ἀναγινώσκω]], [[διαγινώσκω]], [[ἐπιγινώσκω]], καταινώσκω, [[προγινώσκω]].]