ἔσχατος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ἐσχάτη, ἔσχατον, also ἔσχατος, ἔσχατον <span class="bibl">Arat.625</span> (prob. fr. [[ἐκ]], [[ἐξ]], perhaps </span>eĝhzκατος (cf. [[ἐχθός]]) <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> like [[ἔγκατα]]) : </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> of Space, as always in Hom., [[farthest]], [[uttermost]], [[extreme]], [[θάλαμος]] ἔσχατος = the [[hindmost]] [[chamber]], <span class="bibl">Od.21.9</span>; ἔσχατοι ἄλλων = [[at the end of the lines]], <span class="bibl">Il.10.434</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">8.225</span>; <b class="b3">ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν</b>, of the [[Aethiopian]]s, <span class="bibl">Od.1.23</span>; οἰκέομεν..ἔσχατοι <span class="bibl">6.205</span>; ἐσχάτη τῶν οἰκεομένων ἡ Ἰνδική <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.106</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.2.96</span>, etc.; τὸ ἔσχατον τῆς ἀγορᾶς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>3.3.5</span>; ὑπ'..ἐσχάτην στήλην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>720</span>; <b class="b3">τάξις ἐσχάτη</b> the [[farthest]] part of the [[army]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>4</span> : pl., ἔσχατα γαίης <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>731</span>; τὰ ἔσχατα τῶν στρατοπέδων <span class="bibl">Th.4.96</span>; ἐπ' ἔσχατα χθονός <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>956</span>; αἱ ἐπ' ἔσχατα τοῦ ἄστεως οἰκίαι <span class="bibl">Th.8.95</span>; <b class="b3">ἐξ ἐσχάτων ἐς ἔσχατα ἀπικέσθαι</b> from [[end]] to [[end]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.100</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Vect.</span>1.6</span>; παρ' ἔσχατα λίμνης <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>113b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.3.106</span>:—in various senses, [[uppermost]], ἐ. πυρά <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>900</span>; [[lowest]], [[deepest]], ἀΐδας <span class="bibl">Theoc.16.52</span>; ἅλς <span class="title">AP</span>13.27 (Phal.); [[innermost]], σάρκες <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span> 1053</span>; [[last]], [[hindmost]], ἤλαυνε δ' ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>734</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἐσχάτῳ</b> at the [[close]] of a [[document]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>68.54</span> (ii B.C.), etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of Degree, [[uttermost]], [[highest]], τὸ ἔ. κορυφοῦται βασιλεῦσι <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.113</span>; ἀνορέαι ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).11</span>; σοφία <span class="bibl">Lib.<span class="title">Or.</span>59.88</span>; of misfortunes, sufferings, etc., [[utmost]], [[last]], [[worst]], [[πόνος]], [[ἀδικία]], [[κίνδυνοι]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>247b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>361a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>511d</span>; ὀδύναι αἱ ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>354b</span>; <b class="b3">δῆμος ἔσχατος</b> [[extreme]] [[democracy]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1296a2</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> Subst., <b class="b3">τὸ ἔσχατον, τὰ ἔσχατα</b>, [[the utmost]], ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον κακοῦ ἀπιγμένοι <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.52</span>; τετρῦσθαι ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον κακοῦ <span class="bibl">Id.1.22</span>; without Art., ἐπ' ἔσχατα βαίνεις <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>217</span> (lyr.); προβᾶσ' ἐπ' ἔσχατον θράσους <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>853</span> (lyr.); ἐπ' ἔ. [[ἐλθεῖν]] [[ἀηδία]]ς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>240d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>361d</span>, etc.; ὃ πάντων κακῶν ἔσχατόν ἐστι, τοῦτο πάσχει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phd.</span>83c</span>; οἱ τὰ ἔσχατα πεποιηκότες <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.8.2</span>; <b class="b3">ζημιοῦσθαι πᾶσι τοῖς ἐ</b>., Lat. [[extremis suppliciis]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>297e</span>; <b class="b3">ἔσχατ' ἐσχάτων κακά</b> [[worst of possible]] [[evil]]s, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Philem.178</span>; εἰς τὰ ἔ. ἐληλυθώς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span>60.12</span> (ii B.C.) : Comp.οὔτε γὰρ τοῦ ἐσχάτου ἐσχατώτερον εἴη ἄν τι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>1055a20</span> : Sup. [[ἐσχατώτατος]] [[falsa lectio|f.l.]] in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.3.49</span>, cf. Phryn.51; τὰ [[ἐσχατώτατα]] <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Hom.</span>p.320</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> of Persons, [[lowest]], [[meanest]], <span class="bibl">D.S.8.18</span>, <span class="bibl">D.C.42.5</span>, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.3.43</span> : [[proverb|prov.]], <b class="b3">οὐδείς, οὐδ' ὁ Μυσῶν ἔσχατος</b>, i.e. the [[meanest]] of [[mankind]], Magnes <span class="bibl">5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Philem.77</span>; in <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>209b</span> it seems to mean the [[remotest]] of [[mankind]], cf. <b class="b3">πρὸς ἐσχάτην Μυσῶν</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in <span class="title">App.Prov.</span>2.85 (παρὰ τοῖς ἐ. τῆς Μυσίας <span class="bibl">Apostol.8.1</span>); similarly οὐδὲ τὸν ἔσχατον Καρῶν Plu.2.871b. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> of [[time]], [[last]], [[ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον]] = [[to the end]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.107</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.3.46</span>; <b class="b3">ἔ. πλόος, ναυτιλίαι</b>, [[the end of]] it, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>3.22</span>; <b class="b3">ἐσχάτας ὑπὲρ ῥίζας</b> over [[the last]] [[scion]] of the [[race]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>599</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ἔ. Ἑλλήνων, Ῥωμαίων</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Phil.</span>1</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Brut.</span>44</span> : neut. [[ἔσχατον]], as adverb, [[for the last time]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1550</span>; [[finally]], [[best of all]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>15.8</span>; [[at the latest]], ἔ. ἐν τρισὶ μησίν <span class="title">SIG</span>1219.11 (Gambreion, iii B. C.), cf. <span class="title">Inscr.Prien.</span>4.45 (iv B. C.); [[εἰς τὴν ἐσχάτην]] = [[at the last]], <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ec.</span>1.11</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἐσχάτῳ</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ki.</span>24.25</span>, al.: Subst. [[ἐσχάτη]], ἡ, [[end]], οὐχ ἕξεις ἐ. καλήν <span class="bibl">Astramps.<span class="title">Orac.</span>21.4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">40.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> in the Logic of Arist., [[τὰ ἔσχατα]] are the [[last]] or [[lowest]] [[species]], Metaph.1059b26, or [[individual]]s, ib.998b16, cf. <span class="title">AP</span>0.96b12, al.; τὸ ἔ. ἄτομον <span class="title">Metaph.</span>1058b10. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ὁ ἔσχατος ὅρος</b> the [[minor]] [[term]] of a [[syllogism]], <span class="title">EN</span>1147b14. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> [[last step]] in geom. [[analysis]] or [[ultimate]] [[condition]] of [[action]], τὸ ἔσχατον ἀρχὴ τῆς πράξεως <span class="title">de An.</span>433a16. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> Adv. [[ἐσχάτως]] = [[to the uttermost]], [[exceedingly]], [[πῦρ]] [[ἐσχάτως]] καίει <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">de Arte</span>8</span>; [[ἐσχάτως]] [[διαμάχεσθαι]] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>613a11</span>; [[ἐσχάτως]] [[φιλοπόλεμος]] <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.6.1</span>; φοβοῦμαί σ' [[ἐσχάτως]] <span class="bibl">Men.912</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Ep.</span> 1p.31U.</span> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[ἐσχάτως]] [[διακεῖσθαι]] = to [[be at the last extremity]], <span class="bibl">Plb.1.24.2</span>, <span class="bibl">D.S.18.48</span>; ἔχειν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>5.23</span>; [[ἀπορεῖν]] <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Oec.</span>p.72J.</span> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> so [[ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον]] = [[ἐσχάτως]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.229</span>; [[εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα]] <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.33</span>; [[εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα]] [[μάλα]] <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lac.</span>1.2</span>; [[τὸ ἔσχατον]] = [[finally]], [[in the end]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>473c</span>; but, [[τὸ ἔσχατον]] = [[what is worst of all]], ib.<span class="bibl">508d</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[the uttermost]], [[last]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: Rarely in compp. like <b class="b3">ἐσχατό-γηρως</b> (<b class="b3">-ος</b>) [[in the last age]] (hell.), <b class="b3">παρ-έσχατος</b> [[the last but one]] (Ph.).<br />Derivatives: [[ἐσχατιά]], <b class="b3">-ιή</b> [[uttermost part]], [[frontier]], [[extreme position]] (Ion.Hes., Att.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 81f. (Tenos; Redard Les noms grecs en <b class="b3">-της</b> 9); poet. enlargement [[ἐσχάτιος]] (Nic.). Denomin. verbs. [[ἐσχατάω]] [[be the uttermost]], [[the last]], only in ptc. [[ἐσχατάων]], <b class="b3">-όων</b> (Il.; cf. Shipp Studies 62). [[ἐσχατεύω]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (Arist.). [[ἐσχατίζω]] [[come too late]] (LXX).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] <b class="b2">*h₁eǵʰs</b> [[out]]<br />Etymology: Adjectival deriv. of [[ἐξ]], but in detail unclear. The opposite <b class="b3">ἔγ-κατα</b>, to [[ἐν]], presupposes a formation <b class="b3">*ἔξ-κατος</b>; the tenuis aspirata [[χ]] then requires as protoform <b class="b3">*ἔχσ-κατος</b>, what seems to give for [[ἐξ]] an IE basis <b class="b2">*eǵʰs</b>; but note in older alphabets the notation [[χσ]] = [[ξ]] (Schwyzer 210), which suggests aspiration of a velar before [[σ]]. - The suffix <b class="b3">-κατος</b> would have a velar element (cf. <b class="b3">πρό-κα</b>, Lat. [[reci-pro-cus]]; <b class="b3">*ἐχσ-κο-</b> [[what is outside]]) and a dental (<b class="b3">μέσ(σ)-ατος</b>, <b class="b3">τρίτ-ατος</b> a. o.). Wackernagel KZ 33, 40f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 719f., Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1. On the phonetics also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 29ff.

|ftr='''ἔσχατος''': {éskhatos}<br />'''Meaning''': [[der äußerste]], [[letzte]] (seit Il.).<br />'''Composita''' : Vereinzelt in Kompp. wie [[ἐσχατόγηρως]] (-ος) [[im äußersten Alter]] (hell. u. sp.), [[παρέσχατος]] [[der nächstletzte]] (Ph.).<br />'''Derivative''': Ableitungen: [[ἐσχατιά]], -ιή [[äußerster Teil]], [[Grenze]], [[Grenzgut]] (ion. poet. seit Hes., att.; vgl. Scheller Oxytonierung 81f.) mit Ἐσχατιῶτις f. ‘Bewohnerin einer ἐσχ.’ (Tenos; Redard Les noms grecs en -της 9); poet. Erweiterung [[ἐσχάτιος]] (Nik. u. a.). Denominative Verba. 1. [[ἐσχατάω]] [[der äußerste]], [[letzte sein]], nur im Ptz. ἐσχατάων, -όων (Il., Theok., Kall. u. a.; vgl. Shipp Studies 62). 2. [[ἐσχατεύω]] ib. (Arist., Thphr. usw.). 3. [[ἐσχατίζω]] [[zu spät kommen]] (LXX).<br />'''Etymology''' : Adjektivische Ableitung von ἐξ, aber im einzelnen nicht ganz klar. Das Oppositum [[ἔγκατα]], zu ἐν, legt eine Bildung *ἔξκατος nahe; die Tenuis aspirata χ erheischt aber dann als Grundform *ἔχσκατος, was für ἐξ eine indogerm. Grundlage *''eĝhs'' zu erfordern scheint; zu beachten bleibt indessen die in älteren Alphabeten auftretende Schreibung χσ = ξ (Schwyzer 210), die für Aspiration eines Gutturals vor σ spricht. -Das Suffix -κατος wäre in ein gutturales Element (vgl. [[πρόκα]], lat. ''reci''-''pro''-''cus''; *ἐχσκο- [[außen befindlich]]) und in einen hinzutretenden Dental (μέσ(σ)-ατος, [[τρίτατος]] u. a.) zu zerlegen. Wackernagel KZ 33, 40f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 719f., Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 A. 1 mit Lit. Zum Lautlichen noch Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 29ff.<br />'''Page''' 1,578