αὐτός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(Cret. [[ἀϝτός]] ''GDI''4976, al.), [[αὐτή]], [[αὐτό]] (also<br><span class="bld">A</span> αὐτόν ''Leg.Gort.'' 3.4, al.), reflexive Pron., [[self]]:—in oblique cases used for the personal Pron., [[him]], [[her]], [[it]]:—with Art., [[ὁ αὐτός]], [[ἡ αὐτή]], [[τὸ αὐτό]] (also [[ταὐτόν]]), etc., [[the very one]], [[the same]].<br><span class="bld">I</span> [[self]], [[myself]], [[thyself]], etc., acc. to the person of the Verb: freq. joined with [[ἐγώ]], [[σύ]], etc. (v. infr. 10),<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[one's true self]], the [[soul]], not the [[body]], Od.11.602; reversely, [[body]], not soul, Il.1.4; [[oneself]], as opp. others who are less [[prominent]], as [[king]] to [[subject]], 6.18; Zeus to other gods, 8.4; bird to young, 2.317; man to wife and children, Od.14.265; warrior to horses, Il.2.466, or to weapons, 1.47; shepherd to herd, Od.9.167, cf. Il.1.51; Trojans to allies, 11.220; seamen to ships, 7.338: generally, whole to parts, ib.474; so later ἡ σίδη καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ τὰ φύλλα Thphr.''HP''4.10.7, cf. X.''Ath.''1.19, Pl.''Grg.'' 511e, etc.; αὐτή τε Μανδάνη καὶ τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.3.1; αὐ. τε καὶ τὰ ποιήματα βουλόμενος ἐπιδεῖξαι Pl.''R.''398a: abs., [[the Master]], as in the Pythagorean phrase [[αὐτὸς ἔφα]], Lat. [[ipse dixit]]; so [[τίς]] [[οὗτος]]…;—Αὐτός, i.e. [[Socrates]], Ar.''Nu.''218; [[ἀναβόησον Αὐτόν]] ib.219; ἀνοιγέτω τις δώματ'· Αὐτὸς ἔρχεται the [[master|Master]], Id.''Fr.''268, cf. Pl.''Prt.''314d, [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[Characters|Char.]]''2.4, Men.''Sam.''41: αὐ. ἀϋτεῖ Theoc.24.50: neut., [[αὐτὸ σημανεῖ]] [[the result]] will show, E.''Ph.''623; αὐτὸ δηλώσει D.19.157; αὐτὰ δηλοῖ Pl.''Prt.''329b; [[αὐτὸ διδάξει]] ib.324a; esp. αὐτὸ δείξει Cratin. 177, Pl.''Hp.Ma.''288b, cf. ''Tht.''200e; in full, τάχ' αὐτὸ δείξει τοὔργον [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Fragments|Fr.]]''388; τοὔργον τάχ' αὐτὸ δείξει Ar.''Lys.''375; redupl., αὐτός θ' ὁ χρήσας αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶν A.''Eu.''798; of things, [[the very]], [[ὑπὸ λόφον αὐτόν]], i.e. [[just]], [[exactly]] under... Il.13.615; [[πρὸς αὐταῖς ταῖς θύραις]] [[close]] by the door, Lys.12.12; [[αὐτὸ τὸ δέον]] the [[very]] thing needed, X. ''An.''4.7.7; αὐτὸ ὃ μάλιστα ἔδει ῥηθῆναι Pl.''R.''362d; [[αὐτὸ τὸ περίορθρον]] the [[point]] of [[dawn]], Th.2.3; [[αὐτὰ τὰ ἐναντία]] the [[very]] [[opposite]], [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]'' 4.5.7; αὐτὰ τὰ χρήσιμα καὶ ἀναγκαῖα D.H.''Th.''23; [[even]], οὔ μοι μέλει ἄλγος οὔτ' αὐτῆς Ἑκάβης Il.6.451; εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν 2.597.—In these senses [[αὐτός]] in Prose either precedes both the Art. and Subst., or follows both, e.g. [[αὐτὸς ὁ υἱός]] or [[ὁ υἱὸς αὐτός]]. The Art. is sometimes omitted with proper names, or Nouns denoting individuals, αὐτὸς Μένων X.''An.''2.1.5; αὐτὸς [[βασιλεύς]] ib.1.7.11.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[of oneself]], [[of one's own accord]], ἀλλά τις αὐ. ἴτω Il.17.254; σπεύδοντα καὶ αὐτὸν ὀτρύνεις 8.293; καταπαύσομεν· οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ παυέσθων Od.2.168; ἥξει γὰρ αὐτά [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''341; also, [[in person]], τῶν πραγμάτων ὑμῖν… αὐτοῖς ἀντιληπτέον D.1.2.<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[by oneself]] or [[by itself]], [[alone]], [[αὐτός περ ἐών]] although [[alone]], Il.8.99; [[αὐτὸς ἐγείναο παῖδ']], i.e. [[without a mother]], 5.880, cf. Hes.''Th.''924; ἀνακομισθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐς Φάληρον [[by himself]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]5.85; [[αὐτοὶ γάρ ἐσμεν]] we are [[by ourselves]], i.e. [[among friends]], [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[Acharnians|Ach.]]''504, cf. ''Th.''472, Pl.''Prm.''137b, Herod.6.70, Plu.2.755c, Luc. ''DDeor.''10.2; αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἀνδράσι… ἢ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις X.''An.''2.3.7; ἄνευ τοῦ σίτου τὸ ὄψον αὐτὸ ἐσθίειν Id.''Mem.''3.14.3; τὸν τρίβωνα ὃν αὐτὸν φορεῖ [[Theophrastus|Thphr.]] ''[[Characters|Char.]]''22.13 (prob.); [[αὐτὰ γὰρ ἔστιν ταῦτα]] these [[and no others]], Emp.21.13, al.: strengthened, [[αὐτὸς κτήσατο οἶος]] [[himself]] alone, Od.14.450; [[αὐτὸς μόνος]], v. [[μόνος]] II; [[αὐτὸς καθ' αὑτόν]], v. [[ἑαυτοῦ]].<br><span class="bld">4</span> in Philosophy, [[by]] or [[in itself]], of an abstract concept or idea, δίκαιον αὐτό [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''65d; αὐτὸ τὸ ἕν Id.''Prm.''143a, al., cf. [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''997b8: neut., [[αὐτό]] is freq. in this sense, attached to Nouns of all genders, οὐκ αὐτὸ δικαιοσύνην ἐπαινοῦντες ἀλλὰ τὰς ἀπ' αὐτῆς εὐδοκιμήσεις Pl.''R.''363a; less freq. with Art., τί ποτ' ἐστὶν αὐτὸ ἡ [[ἀρετή]] Id.''Prt.''360e; more fully, εἰ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πατέρα ἠρώτων, ἆρα ὁ πατήρ ἐστι πατήρ τινος, ἢ [[οὔ]]; Id.''Smp.''199d; [[ἀδελφός]], αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὅπερ ἔστιν = the [[ideal]], [[abstract]] [[brother]], ibid.e: later, in compos., [[αὐτοαγαθόν]], [[αὐτοάνθρωπος]], etc. ([[quod vide|q.v.]]), cf. [[Aristotle|Arist.]]''[[Metaphysics|Metaph.]]''1040b33; less freq. agreeing with the Subst., ἵνα αὐτὴ [[δικαιοσύνη]] πρὸς [[ἀδικία]]ν αὐτὴν κριθείη Pl.''R.'' 612c, etc.; doubled, ἐκ τῆς εἰκόνος [[μανθάνειν]] αὐτήν τε αὐτήν, εἰ [[καλῶς]] εἴκασται [[its very self]], Id.''Cra.''439a.<br><span class="bld">5</span> in dat. with Subst., [[in one]], [[together]], [[ἀνόρουσεν αὐτῇ σὺν φόρμιγγι]] = he sprang up [[lyre]] [[in hand]], Il.9.194; [[αὐτῇ σὺν πήληκι κάρη]] helmet [[and all]], 14.498, cf. Od.13.118; αὐτῷ σὺν ἄγγει [[Euripides|E.]]''[[Ion]]''32, cf. ''Hipp.''1213; also without σύν, αὐτῇ κεν γαίῃ ἐρύσαι Il.8.24: so freq. in Prose and Poetry, [[αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσι]] = [[men]] [[and all]], [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]6.93; [[αὐτοῖσι συμμάχοισι]] allies [[and all]], [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''223 (lyr.); αὐτοῖς μελάθροις διακναιομένους E.''Med.''164: with Art., αὐτοῖσι τοῖσι ἱματίοισι ἀπ' ὦν ἔβαψε ἑωυτόν [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.47; αὐτοῖσι τοῖς πόρπαξι [[Aristophanes|Ar.]]''[[The Knights|Eq.]]''849, etc.; αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἵπποις κατακρημνισθῆναι [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.4.7.<br><span class="bld">6</span> added to ordinal Numbers, e.g. [[πέμπτος αὐτός]] [[himself]] the [[fifth]], i.e. [[himself]] with [[four]] [[other]]s, Th.1.46, cf. 8.35, X.''HG''2.2.17, ''Apoc.''17.11, etc.:—[[αὐτός]] always being the chief person.<br><span class="bld">7</span> freq. coupled with οὗτος, τοῦτ' αὐτό ἐστι τὸ ζητηθέν Pl.''Plt.''267c, etc.; αὐτὸ τοῦτο μόνον Id.''Grg.''500b; also [[λεγόντων]] ἄλλο μὲν οὐδέν… αὐτὰ δὲ τάδε Th.1.139; πόλεις ἄλλας τε καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο τὸ [[Βυζάντιον]] X.''An.''7.1.27; [[ταῦτα ἥκω αὐτὰ ἵνα]]… Pl.''Prt.''310e.<br><span class="bld">8</span> [[καὶ αὐτός]] = [[himself too]], Od.7.73, 14.45, X.''An.''5.5.9, etc.<br><span class="bld">9</span> repeated in apodosi for emphasis, αὐτὸς ἐπαγγειλάμενος σώσειν… αὐτὸς ἀπώλεσεν Lys.12.68, cf. A.''Fr.''350, X.''An.''3.2.4.<br><span class="bld">10</span> in connection with the person. Pron., ἐγὼν αὐτός Od.2.194; σέθεν αὐτοῦ Il.23.312; νωΐτερον αὐτῶν 15.39 (always divisim in Hom.); followed by an enclit. Pron., αὐτόν μιν Od.4.244; so αὐτὸν γάρ σε δεῖ Προμηθέως [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Prometheus Vinctus|Pr.]]''86; also αὐτὸς [[ἔγωγε]] [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''59b, etc.:—after Hom. in the oblique cases [[αὐτός]] coalesces with the Pron., [[ἐμαυτοῦ]], [[σεαυτοῦ]] (these not in Alc. or Sapph., A.D.''Pron.''80.10 sqq.), [[ἑαυτοῦ]], etc. ([[quod vide|q.v.]]).<br><span class="bld">b</span> with person. Pron. omitted, αὐτός… ἧσθαι λιλαίομαι, for ἐγὼ αὐτός, Il.13.252; αὐτὸν [[ἐλέησον]], for [[ἐμὲ αὐτόν]], 24.503; αὐτῶν γὰρ ἀπωλόμεθ' ἀφραδίῃσιν Od.10.27; in 2.33 [[οἱ αὐτῷ]] is simply a strengthened form of [[οἱ]]; and so in Att., when [[σὲ αὐτόν]], [[ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ]], etc., are read divisim, they are emphatic, not reflexive; in this case [[αὐτός]] generally precedes the person. Pron., cf. [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''6.2.25 with 6.1.14.<br><span class="bld">c</span> with the reflexive [[ἑαυτοῦ]], [[αὑτοῦ]], etc., to add [[force]] and [[definiteness]], αὐτὸς καθ' αὑτοῦ A.''Th.''406; [[αὐτοὶ ὑφ' αὑτῶν]] ib.194; αὐτοὶ καθ' αὑτούς [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Memorabilia|Mem.]]''3.5.4; [[αὐτὸ καθ' αὑτό]] [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Theaetetus|Tht.]]''201e; sometimes between the Art. and reflex. Pron., τοῖς αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ πήμασιν βαρύνεται [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''836, cf. ''Pr.''762; τούς γ' αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ πολεμίους [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Ajax|Aj.]]'' 1132: also [[κατ' αὐτὺ]] (Boeot. for [[αὐτοὶ]]) αὐτῶν ''IG''7.3172.121 (Orchom. Boeot.).<br><span class="bld">d</span> αὐτοῦ, [[αὐτῶν]] with possess. Pron., πατρὸς κλέος ἠδ' ἐμὸν αὐτοῦ Il.6.446; θρῆνον… ἐμὸν τὸν αὐτῆς [[Aeschylus|A.]]''[[Agamemnon|Ag.]]''1323; ἐχθρὸς ὢν τοῖς σοῖσιν αὐτοῦ [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''416; [[τοῖς οἷσιν αὐτοῦ]] ib.1248; αὐτῶν σφετέρῃσιν ἀτασθαλίῃσιν Od.1.7; τοῖς ἡμετέροις αὐτῶν φίλοις X.''An.'' 7.1.29.<br><span class="bld">e</span> [[αὐτὸς ἑαυτοῦ]] with Comp. and Sup. Adj., αὐτὸς ἑωυτοῦ ῥέει πολλῷ ὑποδεέστερος [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.25; τῇ εὐρυτάτη ἐστὶ αὐτὴ ἑωυτῆς Id.1.203.<br><span class="bld">11</span> [[αὐτός]] for [[ὁ αὐτός]], [[the same]], Il.12.225, Od.8.107, 16.138, Pi.''N.''5.1 (never in Trag.), and in later Prose, αὐταῖς ταῖς ἡμέραις ''IG'' 14.966 (ii A. D.), cf. ''Ev.Luc.''23.12.<br><span class="bld">12</span> Comp. [[αὐτότερος]] Epich.5: Sup. [[αὐτότατος]] = [[his very self]], Ar.''Pl.''83: neut. pl. [[αὐτότατα]] dub. in Phld.''Piet.''80. Adv., Comp. [[αὐτοτέρως]] Gal.18(2).431.<br><span class="bld">II</span> [[he]], [[she]], [[it]], for the simple Pron. of 3 pers., only in oblique cases (exc. in later Gk., ''Ev.Luc.''4.15, etc.), and rarely first in a sentence, Pl.''La.''194e, and later, ''Ep.Eph.''2.10, etc.: rare in Ep., Il. 12.204 (where Hdn. treated it as enclitic), and mostly emphatic, ib.14.457, Od.16.388; so in Trag., E.''Hel.''421: in Prose, to recall a Noun used earlier in the sentence, ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν βασιλέα… οὐκ οἶδα ὅ τι δεῖ αὐτὸν ὀμόσαι X.''An.''2.4.7; πειράσομαι τῷ πάππῳ… συμμαχεῖν αὐτῷ Id.''Cyr.''1.3.15; ἄνδρα δὴ… εἰ ἀφίκοιτο εἰς τὴν πόλιν, προσκυνοῖμεν ἂν αὐτόν Pl.''R.''398a; after a Relative, ὅς κε θεοῖς ἐπιπείθηται… ἔκλυον αὐτοῦ Il.1.218; οὓς μὴ εὕρισκον, [[κενοτάφιον]] αὐτοῖς ἐποίησαν X.''An.''6. 4.9, cf. 1.9.29; esp. where a second Verb requires a change of case in the Pron., οἳ ἂν ἐξελεγχθῶσι… ὡς προδότας αὐτοὺς ὄντας τιμωρηθῆναι Id.''An.''2.5.27; ἐκεῖνοι οἷς οὐκ ἐχαρίζονθ' οἱ λέγοντες οὐδ' ἐφίλουν αὐτούς D.3.24; in subdivisions, ὅσοι… οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν… [[Xenophon|X.]]''[[Cyropaedia|Cyr.]]''1.1.1, cf. Pl.''Chrm.''168e; later, pleonastically after a Relative, ὧν ὁ μὲν αὐτῶν Call.''Epigr.''43, cf. ''Ev.Luc.''3.16, ''Apoc.''7.2, etc.: in S.''Ph.''316 [[αὐτοῖς]] is emphatic 'in their own persons'.<br><span class="bld">III</span> with Art. [[ὁ αὐτός]], [[ἡ αὐτή]], [[τὸ αὐτό]], and Att. contr. [[αὑτός]], [[αὑτή]], [[ταὐτό]] and [[ταὐτόν]] (as required by the metre, cf. [[Sophocles|S.]]''[[Oedipus Tyrannus|OT]]''734 with 325, and in Prose to avoid hiatus): gen. [[ταὐτοῦ]], dat. [[ταὐτῷ]], pl. neut. [[ταὐτά;]] Ion. [[ὡυτός]], [[τὠυτό]]:—[[the very one]], [[the same]], rare in Hom., Il. 6.391, Od.7.55, 326; ὁ αὐ. εἰμι τῇ γνώμῃ Th.3.38, cf. 5.75; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐ. αἱ γνῶμαι ἔφερον Id.1.79: c. dat., to denote sameness or agreement, especially in Prose, τὠυτὸ ἂν ὑμῖν ἐπρήσσομεν [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]4.119; τὸν αὐτὸν χῶρον ἐκλιπὼν ἐμοί A.''Ch.''543; [[ὁ αὐτὸς τῷ λίθῳ]] [[the same as]] the [[stone]], Pl. ''Euthd.''298a; [[ἐν ταὐτῷ εἶναί τινι]] to [[be in the place with]]... X.''An.''3.1.27; [[προσίεσθαί τινα ἐς ταὐτὸ ἑαυτῷ]] to have a person [[meet]] one, ib.30, cf. A.''Ch.''210; κατὰ ταὐτὰ τῷ Νείλῳ [[Herodotus|Hdt.]]2.20; τῇ αὐτῇ… καί Id.4.109; τὴν αὐτὴν [[διάνοια]]ν καὶ κατ' ἐκείνην [[ἡλικία]]ν Isoc.5.83; ὁ αὐτός… ὥσπερ [[Plato|Pl.]]''[[Phaedo|Phd.]]''86a; ἐς ταὐτὸν ἀλλήλοις [[face to face]], Jul.''Or.''2.5a0.<br><span class="bld">2</span> in later Greek, [[the said]], [[the above-named]], Ἡρώδης ὁ αὐ. ''PLille''23.8 (iii B. C.), etc.<br><span class="bld">IV</span> Adverbial phrases:<br><span class="bld">1</span> αὐτὸ μόνον [[simply]], [[merely]], Ph. 2.252, etc.; αὐ. μόνον ἐργάτης Luc.''Somn.''9; αὐ. μόνον τὸ [[ὄνομα]] τῆς φωνῆς A.D.''Synt.''22.20.<br><span class="bld">2</span> [[αὐτό]] as adverb, = [[ἄρτι]], ''Epigr.Gr.''540.1 (Thrace).<br><span class="bld">3</span> [[αὐτὸ τοῦτο]] as adverb, ''PGrenf.''1.114 (ii B. C.), ''2 Ep.Pet.'' 1.5; τῆς αὐτὸ τοῦτο κινουμένης [[σφαίρα]]ς Iamb. ''Comm.Math.''17.<br><span class="bld">4</span> with Preps., ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό [[added together]], [[making a total]], PLond.2.196.37 (ii A. D.); [[κατὰ τὸ αὐτό]] = [[together]], [[at the same time]], Act.Ap. 14.1, etc.; but κατ' αὐτό [[just then]], Hdn.1.12.3.<br><span class="bld">V</span> In Compos.:<br><span class="bld">1</span> [[of oneself]] or [[by oneself]], [[self-]]... as in [[αὐτοδίδακτος]], [[αὐτογνώμων]], [[αὐτόματος]]: and so, [[independently]], as in [[αὐτοκράτωρ]], [[αὐτόνομος]].<br><span class="bld">2</span> hence, [[as a second self]], [[very]]... [[bodily]], as with proper names, [[Αὐτοθαΐς]].<br><span class="bld">3</span> in the [[abstract]], the [[ideal]], v. supr.1.4.<br><span class="bld">4</span> [[precisely]], as in [[αὐτόδεκα]].<br><span class="bld">5</span> rarely with reflex. sense of [[ἀλλήλων]], as in [[αὐτοκτονέω]].<br><span class="bld">6</span> [[in one piece with]], [[together with]], as in [[αὐτόκωπος]], [[αὐτοχειλής]], [[αὐτόπρεμνος]], [[αὐτόρριζος]].<br><span class="bld">7</span> [[by itself]]: hence, [[only]], as in [[αὐτόξυλος]], [[αὐτόποκος]].—For αὐτοῦ, [[αὐτῶς]], etc., v. the respective Arts.