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|lshtext=<b>nam</b>:<br /><b>I</b> conj. [acc. [[sing]]. fem. of pronom. [[stem]] na-; cf.: ἐγώ-νη, τύ-νη; Lat. ne, nae; masc. num; cf.: tum, tam; [[quom]], [[quam]].<br /><b>I</b> To [[introduce]] a [[confirmation]] or [[explanation]], for ([[always]] in [[prose]] [[beginning]] the [[sentence]]; cf.: [[enim]], [[etenim]], and<br /> v. [[infra]] C.).<br /> <b>A</b> Introducing an [[explanation]] or [[fuller]] [[statement]] of [[something]] [[already]] said.<br /> <b>1</b> In gen.: is [[pagus]] appellabatur [[Tigurinus]]. Nam [[omnis]] [[civitas]] Helvetia in [[quattuor]] pagos divisa est, Caes. B. G. 1, 12, 4: quibus rebus auditis ... suas [[quoque]] copias in [[tres]] partes distribuerunt. Nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto ... reliquas copias, etc., id. ib. 7, 61, 5: [[neque]] [[solum]] colent [[inter]] se ac [[diligent]], sed [[etiam]] verebuntur. Nam maximum [[ornamentum]] amicitiae tollit, qui ex eā tollit verecundiam, Cic. Lael. 22, 82; id. Part. Or. 11, 38; id. Or. 43, 147; cf.: pandite [[atque]] aperite [[propere]] januam hanc Orci, opsecro. Nam [[equidem]] [[haut]] [[aliter]] esse [[duco]], Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 2. —<br /> <b>2</b> Esp.<br /> <b>(a)</b> To [[introduce]] an explanatory parenthetical [[clause]]: omni ratione colenda justitia est, tum ipsa per [[sese]] (nam [[aliter]] justitia non esset), tum, etc., Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42: et in insulā quae est in Fibreno —nam hoc, [[opinor]], [[illi]] alteri flumini [[nomen]] est—sermoni [[reliquo]] [[demus]] operam sedentes, id. Leg. 2, 1, 1: [[tamen]] is ad id locorum [[talis]] vir (nam [[postea]] ambitione [[praeceps]] [[datus]] est), consulatum adpetere non audebat, Sall. J. 63, 6; Sen. Ep. 40, 9.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> To [[resume]] the [[course]] of [[thought]] [[after]] a parenthetical [[interruption]]: hic [[vero]] [[simul]] ... [[atque]] me [[mare]] transisse cognovit (audi, audi, [[atque]] attende ...), nam [[simul]] ac me [[Dyrrachium]] attigisse audivit, etc., Cic. Planc. 41, 98: [[duplex]] [[inde]] Hannibali [[gaudium]] fuit ([[neque]] [[enim]] quidquam eorum, quae [[apud]] hostes agerentur, eum fallebat): nam et liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo [[modo]] capturum, et sollertiae Fabii [[dimidium]] virium decessisse, Liv. 22, 28, 1.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> To [[introduce]] an [[example]], or [[several]] examples, illustrating a [[general]] [[statement]], for [[example]], for [[instance]]: sed [[vivo]] Catone minores [[natu]] multi uno tempore oratores floruerunt. Nam et A. [[Albinus]] ... et [[litteratus]] et [[disertus]] fuit. Nam Q. [[Metellus]] ... in primis est [[habitus]] [[eloquens]], Cic. Brut. 21, 81: [[quin]] [[etiam]] easdem causas ut [[quisque]] egerit utile erit scire. Nam de [[domo]] Ciceronis dixit [[Calidius]], et pro Milone orationem [[Brutus]] exercitationis gratiā scripsit, Quint. 10, 1, 23; 8, 6, 38; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 23.—<br /> <b>B</b> Introducing a [[ground]] or [[reason]] for a [[fact]], [[command]], or [[principle]].<br /> <b>1</b> In gen.: [[quamobrem]], [[Quirites]], celebratote illos [[dies]] cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris: nam multi [[saepe]] honores dīs immortalibus justi habiti sunt, sed [[profecto]] justiores [[numquam]], Cic. Cat. 3, 10, 23: [[vires]] vitaque [[corpus]] [[meum]] [[nunc]] deserit omne: nam me [[visus]] [[homo]] [[pulcher]], etc., Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40: qui ... dilectum habere noluerit. Nam sociorum auxilia aut ita imbecilla sunt, ut non [[multum]] nos juvare possint, etc., Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 11.—<br /> <b>2</b> Esp., introducing the [[speaker]]'s [[reason]] for a [[particular]] form of [[statement]], etc.: Phoenices [[alias]] urbes in orā maritumā condidere ... nam de Carthagine silere [[melius]] [[puto]] [[quam]] [[parum]] dicere, Sall. J. 19, 1; cf. Mercuri (nam te [[docilis]] [[magistro]] Movit [[Amphion]] lapides canendo), etc., Hor. C. 3, 11, 1; so in a [[question]]: una [[domus]] erat, [[idem]] [[victus]] isque [[communis]] ... nam [[quid]] ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi [[semper]] aliquid, etc., Cic. Lael. 27, 104: nam [[quid]] ego de cotidiano sermone querimoniāque populi Romani loquar? id. Verr. 2, 1, 49, § 129.—<br /> <b>3</b> Loosely, introducing the [[speaker]]'s [[reason]] for [[saying]] [[what]] precedes: nam ego ad Menaechmum [[nunc]] eo (I [[have]] said this), for, etc., Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 20; id. Trin. 1, 1, 3 Brix ad loc.—So esp. [[after]] a [[general]] [[remark]], introducing its [[illustration]] in the [[case]] in [[hand]], Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 58 Spengel ad loc.; id. Most. 5, 1, 3; id. Mil. 2, 1, 17.—<br /> <b>4</b> In a [[still]] looser [[connection]], introducing a [[particular]] [[fact]] or [[argument]] in [[support]] of [[what]] precedes, [[but]], [[now]], [[certainly]]: L. Sisennae [[omnis]] [[facultas]] ex historiā ipsius perspici potest, quae cum [[facile]] vincat superiores, tum indicat [[quantum]] absit a summo ... Nam Q. Hortensii [[admodum]] adulescentis [[ingenium]] [[simul]] aspectum et probatum est, Cic. Brut. 64, 228; 43, 161; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68: at [[prooemium]] [[aliquando]] et narrationem dicit [[malus]] [[homo]] et argumenta sic, ut [[nihil]] [[sit]] in his requirendum. Nam et [[latro]] pugnabit [[acriter]], [[virtus]] [[tamen]] erit [[fortitudo]], Quint. 2, 20, 10.—<br /> <b>5</b> Ellipt., in [[reply]] to a [[question]] or [[remark]], [[where]] the [[answer]] is [[implied]], and nam introduces the [[reason]] for it; for [[assuredly]], [[certainly]]: nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum ... de nostrā civitate eiciemus? Nam si [[quis]] minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis versibus percipi [[quam]] ex Latinis, [[vehementer]] errat, Cic. Arch. 10, 22 sq.: [[numquid]] [[ergo]] hic [[Lysimachus]], [[felicitate]] quādam dentibus leonis [[elapsus]], ob hoc cum [[ipse]] regnaret mitior fuit? Nam Telesphorum Rhodium amicum suum ... in caveā [[velut]] novum [[animal]] aliquod ... pavit, Sen. de Ira. 3, 17, 3; cf.: de eis rebus, inquit [[Crassus]], quibus sciam poteroque. Tum [[ille]]: nam [[quod]] tu non poteris aut nescies, [[quis]] [[nostrum]] tam [[impudens]] est, qui se scire aut posse postulet? Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 101.—So [[with]] particles of [[asseveration]]: mehercule, [[hercule]], [[edepol]], etc.: [[tamen]] [[tibi]] a me nulla orta est injuria. Aes. Nam [[hercle]] [[etiam]] hoc restat, i. e. not [[yet]]; for [[that]] is to [[come]] [[hereafter]], Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 36: sume, posce, prome quidvis: te [[facio]] [[cellarium]]. Er. Nam [[nisi]] [[hercle]] manticinatus [[probe]] ero, fusti pectito, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 115: dicunt ei [[fere]] nullam esse columnam, quae ad [[perpendiculum]] esse possit. Nam mehercule, inquit, sic [[agamus]]: columnae ad [[perpendiculum]] exigantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 51, § 133.—<br /> <b>C</b> The [[conjunction]] nam [[sometimes]] follows a [[word]] of the [[clause]] ([[poet]]. and perh. not [[ante]]-Aug.; v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 246): prohibent nam [[cetera]] Parcae Scire, Verg. A. 3, 379: solam nam [[perfidus]] [[ille]] Te colere, id. ib. 4, 421; 10, 585; 1, 444: [[olim]] nam quaerere amabam, Hor. S. 2, 3, 20; 41: ego nam videor mihi [[sanus]], id. ib. 2, 3, 302: his nam [[plebecula]] [[plaudit]], id. Ep. 2, 1, 186.<br /><b>II</b> In transitions.<br /> <b>A</b> Introducing a [[new]] [[subject]] as of [[secondary]] [[importance]]; [[but]] [[now]], on the [[other]] [[hand]]: nam [[quod]] rumores distulerunt malivoli, Multas contamināsse Graecas, dum facit Paucas Latinas: [[factum]] hic esse id non negat, Neque se pigere, Ter. Heaut. prol. 19: nam [[quod]] purgas eos, quos ego mihi scripsi invidisse, etc., Cic. Att. 3, 15, 2: nam [[quod]] negas te dubitare [[quin]] magnā in offensā sim [[apud]] Pompeium hoc tempore, non [[video]] causam [[cur]] ita [[sit]], id. ib. 9, 2, a, 2; id. Off. 2, 13, 47: nam [[auguralis]] libros ad [[commune]] utriusque [[nostrum]] [[otium]] [[serva]], id. Fam. 3, 11, 4: nam Vestae [[nomen]] a Graecis est, i. e. [[though]] [[that]] of [[Janus]], [[before]] named, is Latin, id. N. D. 2, 27, 67; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68; Quint. 1, 11, 7; 10, 1, 9.—<br /> <b>B</b> Esp., in referring to a [[consideration]] [[too]] [[obvious]] to [[require]] [[discussion]], for [[obviously]], for it is [[certain]], etc.: [[postremo]] hoc in [[pectus]] tuum demitte, [[numquam]] populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse: nam [[bello]] [[quid]] valeat, [[tute]] scis, Sall. J. 102, 11; Liv. 39, 26, 3; Cic. Tusc. 4, 23, 52; Tac. H. 4, 76.<br /><b>III</b> In interrogations, [[emphatically]], expressing [[wonder]] or [[emotion]] in the questioner; cf. Gr. γάρ.<br /> <b>A</b> With an [[interrogative]].<br /> <b>1</b> Beginning a [[sentence]] (anteclass. and [[poet]].): perdidisti omnem operam? Ep. Nam quī perdidi? [[but]] [[how]]? [[but]] [[why]]? Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 29: nam quem ego adspicio? id. Poen. 5, 3, 3: [[quid]] ego [[ago]]? Tr. Nam [[quid]] tu, [[malum]], me rogitas [[quid]] agas? id. Most. 2, 1, 21: nam quae haec [[anus]] est exanimata a fratre quae egressa'st meo? Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 5: nam [[quid]] ita? id. Eun. 5, 2, 58: nam quem? [[alium]] habui neminem, id. ib. 4, 4, 13: nam [[quam]] ob rem? (= quamnam), Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 2: nam quā me causā extrusisti ex aedibus? id. Aul. 1, 1, 5 et saep.: nam [[quis]] te, juvenum confidentissime, [[nostras]] Jussit adire domos? Verg. G. 4, 445 ([[but]] cf. Forbig. ad loc. and Kritz ad Sall. J. 19, 2): nam quae tam [[sera]] moratur Segnities? id. A. 2, 373: [[bellua]] multorum es [[capitum]]. Nam [[quid]] sequar aut quem? Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 76.—<br /> <b>2</b> Joined as enclitic to an [[interrogative]] [[word]]: [[quinam]] [[homo]] hic [[ante]] aedīs [[nostras]] conqueritur? Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 17: [[quidnam]] id est? id. Trin. 5, 2, 45: [[quisnam]] [[igitur]] tuebitur P. Scipionis memoriam mortui? Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 36, § 80: O di immortales, [[ubinam]] gentium sumus? id. Cat. 1, 4, 9; id. N. D. 1, 10, 24: sed [[Allobroges]] diu in [[incerto]] habuere [[quidnam]] consilii caperent, Sall. C. 41, 1.—For [[quianam]], v. [[quia]] fin.—<br /> <b>3</b> Separated from the [[interrogative]] [[word]]: [[quid]] [[tibi]] ex filio nam, [[obsecro]], [[aegre]] est? Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 27: [[quis]] ea'st nam optuma? id. Aul. 2, 1, 17; 3, 2, 3: [[quid]] [[cerussa]] [[opus]] nam? id. Most. 1, 3, 101: [[quis]] est nam [[ludus]] in undis? Verg. E. 9, 39.—<br /> <b>4</b> With num: num [[tibi]] nam, amabo, janua est [[mordax]] mea? Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 1: num [[quid]] nam [[tibi]] molestum est, gnate mi, si, etc., id. As. 5, 1, 3; cf.: comicum est et Terentianum numquidnam, cum exemptis num et nam sufficere ad interrogationem potuisset [[quid]], Donat. ad Ter. And. 1, 4, 8: num nam haec audivit, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 6: num [[quid]] nam de oratore ipso restat, Cic. Part. Or. 7, 26.—<br /> <b>B</b> Without an [[interrogative]] [[word]] ([[very]] [[rare]]): scis nam [[tibi]] quae praecepi? Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 51. (For [[fuller]] details, v. Hand, Turs. 4, pp. 1-22.)> | |lshtext=<b>nam</b>:<br /><b>I</b> conj. [acc. [[sing]]. fem. of pronom. [[stem]] na-; cf.: ἐγώ-νη, τύ-νη; Lat. ne, nae; masc. num; cf.: tum, tam; [[quom]], [[quam]].<br /><b>I</b> To [[introduce]] a [[confirmation]] or [[explanation]], for ([[always]] in [[prose]] [[beginning]] the [[sentence]]; cf.: [[enim]], [[etenim]], and<br /> v. [[infra]] C.).<br /> <b>A</b> Introducing an [[explanation]] or [[fuller]] [[statement]] of [[something]] [[already]] said.<br /> <b>1</b> In gen.: is [[pagus]] appellabatur [[Tigurinus]]. Nam [[omnis]] [[civitas]] Helvetia in [[quattuor]] pagos divisa est, Caes. B. G. 1, 12, 4: quibus rebus auditis ... suas [[quoque]] copias in [[tres]] partes distribuerunt. Nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto ... reliquas copias, etc., id. ib. 7, 61, 5: [[neque]] [[solum]] colent [[inter]] se ac [[diligent]], sed [[etiam]] verebuntur. Nam maximum [[ornamentum]] amicitiae tollit, qui ex eā tollit verecundiam, Cic. Lael. 22, 82; id. Part. Or. 11, 38; id. Or. 43, 147; cf.: pandite [[atque]] aperite [[propere]] januam hanc Orci, opsecro. Nam [[equidem]] [[haut]] [[aliter]] esse [[duco]], Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 2. —<br /> <b>2</b> Esp.<br /> <b>(a)</b> To [[introduce]] an explanatory parenthetical [[clause]]: omni ratione colenda justitia est, tum ipsa per [[sese]] (nam [[aliter]] justitia non esset), tum, etc., Cic. Off. 2, 12, 42: et in insulā quae est in Fibreno —nam hoc, [[opinor]], [[illi]] alteri flumini [[nomen]] est—sermoni [[reliquo]] [[demus]] operam sedentes, id. Leg. 2, 1, 1: [[tamen]] is ad id locorum [[talis]] vir (nam [[postea]] ambitione [[praeceps]] [[datus]] est), consulatum adpetere non audebat, Sall. J. 63, 6; Sen. Ep. 40, 9.—<br /> <b>(b)</b> To [[resume]] the [[course]] of [[thought]] [[after]] a parenthetical [[interruption]]: hic [[vero]] [[simul]] ... [[atque]] me [[mare]] transisse cognovit (audi, audi, [[atque]] attende ...), nam [[simul]] ac me [[Dyrrachium]] attigisse audivit, etc., Cic. Planc. 41, 98: [[duplex]] [[inde]] Hannibali [[gaudium]] fuit ([[neque]] [[enim]] quidquam eorum, quae [[apud]] hostes agerentur, eum fallebat): nam et liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo [[modo]] capturum, et sollertiae Fabii [[dimidium]] virium decessisse, Liv. 22, 28, 1.—<br /> <b>(g)</b> To [[introduce]] an [[example]], or [[several]] examples, illustrating a [[general]] [[statement]], for [[example]], for [[instance]]: sed [[vivo]] Catone minores [[natu]] multi uno tempore oratores floruerunt. Nam et A. [[Albinus]] ... et [[litteratus]] et [[disertus]] fuit. Nam Q. [[Metellus]] ... in primis est [[habitus]] [[eloquens]], Cic. Brut. 21, 81: [[quin]] [[etiam]] easdem causas ut [[quisque]] egerit utile erit scire. Nam de [[domo]] Ciceronis dixit [[Calidius]], et pro Milone orationem [[Brutus]] exercitationis gratiā scripsit, Quint. 10, 1, 23; 8, 6, 38; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 23.—<br /> <b>B</b> Introducing a [[ground]] or [[reason]] for a [[fact]], [[command]], or [[principle]].<br /> <b>1</b> In gen.: [[quamobrem]], [[Quirites]], celebratote illos [[dies]] cum conjugibus ac liberis vestris: nam multi [[saepe]] honores dīs immortalibus justi habiti sunt, sed [[profecto]] justiores [[numquam]], Cic. Cat. 3, 10, 23: [[vires]] vitaque [[corpus]] [[meum]] [[nunc]] deserit omne: nam me [[visus]] [[homo]] [[pulcher]], etc., Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40: qui ... dilectum habere noluerit. Nam sociorum auxilia aut ita imbecilla sunt, ut non [[multum]] nos juvare possint, etc., Cic. Fam. 15, 1, 11.—<br /> <b>2</b> Esp., introducing the [[speaker]]'s [[reason]] for a [[particular]] form of [[statement]], etc.: Phoenices [[alias]] urbes in orā maritumā condidere ... nam de Carthagine silere [[melius]] [[puto]] [[quam]] [[parum]] dicere, Sall. J. 19, 1; cf. Mercuri (nam te [[docilis]] [[magistro]] Movit [[Amphion]] lapides canendo), etc., Hor. C. 3, 11, 1; so in a [[question]]: una [[domus]] erat, [[idem]] [[victus]] isque [[communis]] ... nam [[quid]] ego de studiis dicam cognoscendi [[semper]] aliquid, etc., Cic. Lael. 27, 104: nam [[quid]] ego de cotidiano sermone querimoniāque populi Romani loquar? id. Verr. 2, 1, 49, § 129.—<br /> <b>3</b> Loosely, introducing the [[speaker]]'s [[reason]] for [[saying]] [[what]] precedes: nam ego ad Menaechmum [[nunc]] eo (I [[have]] said this), for, etc., Plaut. Men. 1, 1, 20; id. Trin. 1, 1, 3 Brix ad loc.—So esp. [[after]] a [[general]] [[remark]], introducing its [[illustration]] in the [[case]] in [[hand]], Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 58 Spengel ad loc.; id. Most. 5, 1, 3; id. Mil. 2, 1, 17.—<br /> <b>4</b> In a [[still]] looser [[connection]], introducing a [[particular]] [[fact]] or [[argument]] in [[support]] of [[what]] precedes, [[but]], [[now]], [[certainly]]: L. Sisennae [[omnis]] [[facultas]] ex historiā ipsius perspici potest, quae cum [[facile]] vincat superiores, tum indicat [[quantum]] absit a summo ... Nam Q. Hortensii [[admodum]] adulescentis [[ingenium]] [[simul]] aspectum et probatum est, Cic. Brut. 64, 228; 43, 161; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68: at [[prooemium]] [[aliquando]] et narrationem dicit [[malus]] [[homo]] et argumenta sic, ut [[nihil]] [[sit]] in his requirendum. Nam et [[latro]] pugnabit [[acriter]], [[virtus]] [[tamen]] erit [[fortitudo]], Quint. 2, 20, 10.—<br /> <b>5</b> Ellipt., in [[reply]] to a [[question]] or [[remark]], [[where]] the [[answer]] is [[implied]], and nam introduces the [[reason]] for it; for [[assuredly]], [[certainly]]: nos hunc Heracliensem, multis civitatibus expetitum ... de nostrā civitate eiciemus? Nam si [[quis]] minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis versibus percipi [[quam]] ex Latinis, [[vehementer]] errat, Cic. Arch. 10, 22 sq.: [[numquid]] [[ergo]] hic [[Lysimachus]], [[felicitate]] quādam dentibus leonis [[elapsus]], ob hoc cum [[ipse]] regnaret mitior fuit? Nam Telesphorum Rhodium amicum suum ... in caveā [[velut]] novum [[animal]] aliquod ... pavit, Sen. de Ira. 3, 17, 3; cf.: de eis rebus, inquit [[Crassus]], quibus sciam poteroque. Tum [[ille]]: nam [[quod]] tu non poteris aut nescies, [[quis]] [[nostrum]] tam [[impudens]] est, qui se scire aut posse postulet? Cic. de Or. 1, 22, 101.—So [[with]] particles of [[asseveration]]: mehercule, [[hercule]], [[edepol]], etc.: [[tamen]] [[tibi]] a me nulla orta est injuria. Aes. Nam [[hercle]] [[etiam]] hoc restat, i. e. not [[yet]]; for [[that]] is to [[come]] [[hereafter]], Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 36: sume, posce, prome quidvis: te [[facio]] [[cellarium]]. Er. Nam [[nisi]] [[hercle]] manticinatus [[probe]] ero, fusti pectito, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 115: dicunt ei [[fere]] nullam esse columnam, quae ad [[perpendiculum]] esse possit. Nam mehercule, inquit, sic [[agamus]]: columnae ad [[perpendiculum]] exigantur, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 51, § 133.—<br /> <b>C</b> The [[conjunction]] nam [[sometimes]] follows a [[word]] of the [[clause]] ([[poet]]. and perh. not [[ante]]-Aug.; v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 246): prohibent nam [[cetera]] Parcae Scire, Verg. A. 3, 379: solam nam [[perfidus]] [[ille]] Te colere, id. ib. 4, 421; 10, 585; 1, 444: [[olim]] nam quaerere amabam, Hor. S. 2, 3, 20; 41: ego nam videor mihi [[sanus]], id. ib. 2, 3, 302: his nam [[plebecula]] [[plaudit]], id. Ep. 2, 1, 186.<br /><b>II</b> In transitions.<br /> <b>A</b> Introducing a [[new]] [[subject]] as of [[secondary]] [[importance]]; [[but]] [[now]], on the [[other]] [[hand]]: nam [[quod]] rumores distulerunt malivoli, Multas contamināsse Graecas, dum facit Paucas Latinas: [[factum]] hic esse id non negat, Neque se pigere, Ter. Heaut. prol. 19: nam [[quod]] purgas eos, quos ego mihi scripsi invidisse, etc., Cic. Att. 3, 15, 2: nam [[quod]] negas te dubitare [[quin]] magnā in offensā sim [[apud]] Pompeium hoc tempore, non [[video]] causam [[cur]] ita [[sit]], id. ib. 9, 2, a, 2; id. Off. 2, 13, 47: nam [[auguralis]] libros ad [[commune]] utriusque [[nostrum]] [[otium]] [[serva]], id. Fam. 3, 11, 4: nam Vestae [[nomen]] a Graecis est, i. e. [[though]] [[that]] of [[Janus]], [[before]] named, is Latin, id. N. D. 2, 27, 67; id. Div. 2, 31, 66; 2, 32, 68; Quint. 1, 11, 7; 10, 1, 9.—<br /> <b>B</b> Esp., in referring to a [[consideration]] [[too]] [[obvious]] to [[require]] [[discussion]], for [[obviously]], for it is [[certain]], etc.: [[postremo]] hoc in [[pectus]] tuum demitte, [[numquam]] populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse: nam [[bello]] [[quid]] valeat, [[tute]] scis, Sall. J. 102, 11; Liv. 39, 26, 3; Cic. Tusc. 4, 23, 52; Tac. H. 4, 76.<br /><b>III</b> In interrogations, [[emphatically]], expressing [[wonder]] or [[emotion]] in the questioner; cf. Gr. γάρ.<br /> <b>A</b> With an [[interrogative]].<br /> <b>1</b> Beginning a [[sentence]] (anteclass. and [[poet]].): perdidisti omnem operam? Ep. Nam quī perdidi? [[but]] [[how]]? [[but]] [[why]]? Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 29: nam quem ego adspicio? id. Poen. 5, 3, 3: [[quid]] ego [[ago]]? Tr. Nam [[quid]] tu, [[malum]], me rogitas [[quid]] agas? id. Most. 2, 1, 21: nam quae haec [[anus]] est exanimata a fratre quae egressa'st meo? Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 5: nam [[quid]] ita? id. Eun. 5, 2, 58: nam quem? [[alium]] habui neminem, id. ib. 4, 4, 13: nam [[quam]] ob rem? (= quamnam), Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 2: nam quā me causā extrusisti ex aedibus? id. Aul. 1, 1, 5 et saep.: nam [[quis]] te, juvenum confidentissime, [[nostras]] Jussit adire domos? Verg. G. 4, 445 ([[but]] cf. Forbig. ad loc. and Kritz ad Sall. J. 19, 2): nam quae tam [[sera]] moratur Segnities? id. A. 2, 373: [[bellua]] multorum es [[capitum]]. Nam [[quid]] sequar aut quem? Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 76.—<br /> <b>2</b> Joined as enclitic to an [[interrogative]] [[word]]: [[quinam]] [[homo]] hic [[ante]] aedīs [[nostras]] conqueritur? Plaut. Aul. 4, 9, 17: [[quidnam]] id est? id. Trin. 5, 2, 45: [[quisnam]] [[igitur]] tuebitur P. Scipionis memoriam mortui? Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 36, § 80: O di immortales, [[ubinam]] gentium sumus? id. Cat. 1, 4, 9; id. N. D. 1, 10, 24: sed [[Allobroges]] diu in [[incerto]] habuere [[quidnam]] consilii caperent, Sall. C. 41, 1.—For [[quianam]], v. [[quia]] fin.—<br /> <b>3</b> Separated from the [[interrogative]] [[word]]: [[quid]] [[tibi]] ex filio nam, [[obsecro]], [[aegre]] est? Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 27: [[quis]] ea'st nam optuma? id. Aul. 2, 1, 17; 3, 2, 3: [[quid]] [[cerussa]] [[opus]] nam? id. Most. 1, 3, 101: [[quis]] est nam [[ludus]] in undis? Verg. E. 9, 39.—<br /> <b>4</b> With num: num [[tibi]] nam, amabo, janua est [[mordax]] mea? Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 1: num [[quid]] nam [[tibi]] molestum est, gnate mi, si, etc., id. As. 5, 1, 3; cf.: comicum est et Terentianum numquidnam, cum exemptis num et nam sufficere ad interrogationem potuisset [[quid]], Donat. ad Ter. And. 1, 4, 8: num nam haec audivit, Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 6: num [[quid]] nam de oratore ipso restat, Cic. Part. Or. 7, 26.—<br /> <b>B</b> Without an [[interrogative]] [[word]] ([[very]] [[rare]]): scis nam [[tibi]] quae praecepi? Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 51. (For [[fuller]] details, v. Hand, Turs. 4, pp. 1-22.)> | ||
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|gf=<b>nam</b>,⁴<br /> <b>I</b> particule d’affirmation qui attire l’attention sur un fait :<br /><b>1</b> de fait, voyons, en vérité, en réalité : [[obsecro]], tace. — Nam [[hic]] [[nunc]] [[licet]] dicere, [[nos]] sumus Pl. Cas. 196, de grâce, tais-toi. — Voyons en vérité, ici, à présent nous pouvons parler, nous ne sommes que nous, cf. Mil. 629 ; Capt. 896 || [en part. dans les interrog.] : scelestissumum te [[arbitror]]. — Nam [[quamobrem]] ? Pl. Amph. 552, je te crois un franc scélérat. — Voyons, pourquoi ? cf. Pl. Most. 644 ; Rud. 687 ; Epid. 132 ; Aul. 42, 44 ; etc. ; da [[mihi]], optuma [[femina]], manum. — Ubi east ? [[quis]] east [[nam]] optuma ? Pl. Aul. 136, donne-moi la main, excellente femme. — Où [[est]]-elle ? qui [[est]]-elle donc [[cette]] excellente femme ? cf. Pl. Aul. 427 ; Bacch. 1114 ; Most. 258, etc. ; scis [[nam]], [[tibi]] quæ præcepi ? Pl. Pers. 379, sais-tu, voyons, ce que je t’ai recommandé ?<br /><b>2</b> il [[est]] un fait, c’[[est]] que : an [[tibi]] fabellæ videntur ? [[nonne]] ab A. Postumio ædem Castori et Polluci dedicatam, [[nonne]] [[senatus]] [[consultum]] de Vatinio vides ? Nam de [[Sagra]] Græcorum [[etiam]] [[est]] vulgare [[proverbium]]... Cic. Nat. 3, 13, eh [[quoi]] ! ce sont des fables à tes yeux ? pourtant ne vois-tu pas le temple dédié par A. [[Postumius]] à [[Castor]] et [[Pollux]] ? ne vois-tu pas le sénatus [[consulte]] en faveur de [[Vatinius]] ? et c’[[est]] un fait que sur l’affaire de la Sagre, il y a même un proverbe répandu chez les Grecs..., cf. Cic. Arch. 23 ; Fin. 1, 12 ; Div. 2, 97 ; Tusc. 4, 52, etc. || [sert souvent à introduire une autre idée, un autre fait ; on le traduit approximativement par « quant à », mais il a [[plus]] de vivacité que [[autem]] auquel il correspond souvent] : Cic. Br. 239 ; Nat. 1, 27 et 28, etc. || [en part. dans les interrog. oratoires et dans ce que la rhét. appelle prétérition] : Cic. Læl. 104 ; Verr. 2, 5, 158 ; Nat. 3, 38 ; Tusc. 4, 37 ; Div. 1, 26, etc. || [souvent aussi avec [[quod]] de transition] quant à ce fait que : Cic. de Or. 1, 234 ; 1, 254 ; Tusc. 3, 73 ; 4, 57 ; Div. 2, 66 ; 2, 68, etc.<br /><b>3</b> il [[est]] un fait, c’[[est]] que [introduisant une réserve ; comparer le français « par exemple »] : P. Rutilii adulescentiam ad opinionem et innocentiæ et juris scientiæ P. Mucii commendavit [[domus]]. Nam L. [[quidem]] [[Crassus]]... [[non]] [[aliunde]] [[mutuatus]] [[est]], [[sed]] [[sibi]] [[ipse]] peperit laudem... Cic. Off. 2, 47, P. [[Rutilius]] dans sa jeunesse eut, pour acquérir sa réputation d’intégrité à la fois et d’habileté dans le droit, la recommandation d’avoir séjourné dans la maison de P. [[Mucius]] ; par exemple, L. [[Crassus]], lui, n’emprunta pas ailleurs, mais se créa à lui-même sa gloire..., cf. Cic. Br. 161 ; 175 ; 178 ; 222 ; 228 ; etc.<br /> <b>II</b> [conj. servant à confirmer] de fait :<br /><b>1</b> Euclionis filiam laudant ; [[sapienter]] [[factum]] et consilio bono ; [[nam]] [[meo]] [[quidem]] [[animo]] si [[idem]] faciant ceteri... Pl. Aul. 478, ils louent la fille d’Euclion ; ils trouvent que j’agis sagement et en prenant un bon [[parti]] ; le fait [[est]] que, à mon sens du moins, si tous les autres agissaient ainsi..., cf. Pl. Most. 858 ; unum [[illud]] [[mihi]] videris imitari orationis [[genus]]. — Vellem [[fortasse]] ; [[quis]] [[enim]] id potest [[aut]] [[umquam]] poterit imitari ? [[nam]] sententias interpretari [[perfacile]] [[est]] : [[quod]] [[quidem]] [[ego]] facerem, [[nisi]] [[plane]] [[esse]] vellem [[meus]] Cic. Leg. 2, 17, il n’y a qu’une chose que tu me sembles imiter, son style. — Tout au [[plus]] en aurais-je la volonté ; car qui peut ou pourra jamais l’imiter ? de fait, ce sont les idées qu’il [[est]] très [[facile]] de reproduire, et cela, pour mon [[compte]], je l’aurais accompli, si je n’avais voulu être absolument moi-même, cf. Cic. Off. 3, 28 ; 3, 32 ; Leg. 2, 28 ; Br. 297 ; Fin. 2, 35 ; Tusc. 1, 57 ; etc. || [dans une réponse [[confirmative]] : de iis, [[credo]], rebus, inquit [[Crassus]], ut in cretionibus scribi solet « quibus sciam poteroque ». — Tum [[ille]] : [[nam]] [[quod]] tu [[non]] poteris [[aut]] nescies, [[quis]] [[nostrum]]... Cic. de Or. 1, 101, je parlerai, j’imagine, répartit [[Crassus]], sur les sujets où, comme on le dit dans les actes d’héritage, je saurai et je pourrai. — Alors lui : de fait, sur ce que toi tu ne pourras pas ou que tu ne sauras pas, qui de nous..., cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 144 ; Verr. 2, 1, 133 ; 2, 72<br /><b>2</b> [confirmatif et explicatif] de fait, car, c’[[est]] que : is [[pagus]] appellabatur [[Tigurinus]] ; [[nam]] [[omnis]] [[civitas]] Helvetia in [[quattuor]] pagos divisa [[est]] Cæs. G. 1, 12, 4, [[cette]] circonscription était celle des Tigurins ; car tout l’état Helvète [[est]] divisé en quatre circonscriptions, cf. Cic. Læl. 82 ; Part. 38 ; Or. 147, etc. || [introduit des parenthèses] : colenda [[justitia]] [[est]], tum ipsa [[per]] [[sese]] ([[nam]] [[aliter]] [[justitia]] [[non]] esset), tum... Cic. Off. 2, 42, il faut pratiquer la justice, d’abord pour elle-même (car autrement ce ne serait pas la justice), ensuite..., cf. Cic. Leg. 2, 1, etc. || [reprend le développ<sup>t</sup> après une parenthèse] : Cic. Planc. 98<br /><b>3</b> de fait, ainsi, par exemple : [[multi]] [[uno]] tempore oratores floruerunt ; [[nam]] et [[Albinus]]... et... Cic. Br. 81, beaucoup d’orateurs fleurirent à la même époque ; ainsi d’une part [[Albinus]]..., d’autre part..., cf. Cic. Off. 1, 32 ; 2, 65 ; Rep. 1, 44 ; Leg. 1, 41 ; de Or. 2, 221 ; 2, 237, etc. || [introduit un développ<sup>t</sup> annoncé] : [[quid]] [[tamquam]] notandum et animadvertendum sit in Hortensio, [[breviter]] [[licet]] dicere. Nam is [[post]] consulatum... Cic. Br. 320, ce qui mérite chez [[Hortensius]] d’être pour ainsi [[dire]] noté et critiqué, je puis l’indiquer brièvement. De fait, après son consulat..., cf. Cic. Arch. 28 ; Or. 174 ; Ac. 1, 4, etc. || [souvent même, il équivaut au français « à savoir » ou à [[nos]] deux points, suivis de guillemets] : [[duplex]] [[est]] [[ratio]] veri reperiendi... ; [[nam]] [[aut]]... [[aut]] Cic. Tusc. 3, 56, il y a deux façons de découvrir le vrai : ou bien..., ou bien..., cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 72 ; 5, 9 ; Off. 1, 9 ; 1, 96 ; 2, 52 ; Div. 1, 46 ; 1, 101 ; Nat. 2, 128 ; Verr. 2, 4, 61, etc.<br /> <b>III</b> [conjonction causale] car, en effet ; [emploi le [[plus]] fréquent ; parfois suivie d’une construction paratactique] : clausulas diligentius [[etiam]] servandas [[esse]] [[arbitror]] [[quam]] superiora, [[quod]] in [[eis]] [[maxime]] [[perfectio]] [[atque]] [[absolutio]] judicatur. Nam [[versus]] æque [[prima]] et media et extrema [[pars]] attenditur... ; in oratione [[autem]] [[pauci]] [[prima]] cernunt, postrema [[plerique]]... Cic. de Or. 3, 192, il faut, à mon [[avis]], soigner même davantage les fins de phrase que les parties antérieures, parce que c’[[est]] là surtout qu’on [[juge]] la perfection absolue. En effet, tandis que dans le vers on fait attention également au début, au milieu, à la fin..., dans la prose au contraire peu d’auditeurs remarquent les débuts de la phrase, mais presque tous en remarquent la fin..., cf. Cic. Off. 3, 22 ; Leg. 2, 24 ; Fam. 9, 15, 1. [[nam]] se place en tête de la phrase ; qqf. il se trouve après un ou plusieurs mots, surtout chez les comiques. | |||
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