ἀρχή: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ἡ, (v. [[ἄρχω]]) <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[beginning]], [[origin]], νείκεος ἀ. <span class="bibl">Il.22.116</span>; πήματος <span class="bibl">Od.8.81</span>; φόνου <span class="bibl">21.4</span>, etc.; opp. [[τέλος]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.51</span>, etc.; opp. [[τελευτή]], <span class="bibl">Thgn.607</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>715e</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Morb.</span>1.1</span>; ἀ. γενέσθαι κακῶν <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.97</span>; ἀ. ποιήσασθαί τινος <span class="bibl">Th.1.128</span>, <span class="bibl">And.2.37</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.120</span>, etc.; ἀ. λαβεῖν τινός <span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.11</span>; τὰς ἀρχὰς εἰληφέναι <span class="bibl">Plb.4.28.3</span>; [[ἀρχὴν ὑποθέσθαι]] = [[lay a foundation]], <span class="bibl">D.3.2</span>, etc.; βαλέσθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ep.</span>326e</span> (and Pass., ἀρχαὶ βέβληνται <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>1.8</span>); ἀρχὴν ἄρχεσθαί τινος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>36e</span>; [[source]] of action, [ὁ ἄνθρωπος] ἔχει ἀρχὴν ἐλευθέραν <span class="bibl">Plot.3.3.4</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> with Preps. in adverbial usages, [[ἐξ ἀρχῆς]] = [[from the beginning]], [[from the outset]], [[from the start]], [[from the first]], [[from of old]], <span class="bibl">Od.1.188</span>, <span class="bibl">Xenoph.10</span>, etc.; οὑξ ἀ. φίλος <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>385</span>; ἡ ἐξ ἀ. ἔχθρα <span class="bibl">D.54.3</span>; τὸ ἐξ ἀ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyn.</span>12.6</span>; but πλουτεῖν ἐξ ἀ. πάλιν [[anew]], [[afresh]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>221</span>; λόγον πάλιν ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀ. κινεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>450a</span>; [[ὁ ἐξ ἀ. λόγος]] the [[original]] argument, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tht.</span>177c</span>, etc.; [[τὰ ἐξ ἀ]]. the [[principal sum]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280a30</span>:—also ἀπ' ἀ. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>425</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.104</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>8.25</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>344</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>206d</span>; [[κατ' ἀρχάς]] in [[the beginning]], at [[first]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.153</span>, <span class="bibl">7.5</span>; αὐτίκα κατ' ἀ. <span class="bibl">Id.8.94</span>; τὸ κατ' ἀ. <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>798a</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> acc. [[ἀρχήν]], abs., [[to begin with]], [[at first]], <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.9</span>, <span class="bibl">2.28</span>, <span class="bibl">8.132</span>; τὴν ἀρχήν <span class="bibl">And.3.20</span>: pl., τὰς ἀρχάς <span class="bibl">Plb.16.22.8</span>: freq. followed by a neg., not [[at all]], ἀρχὴν μηδὲ λαβών <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.193</span>, al.; ἀ. δὲ θηρᾶν οὐ πρέπει τἀμήχανα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>92</span>; ἀ. κλύειν ἂν οὐκ . . ἐβουλόμην <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1239</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>439</span>, <span class="bibl">Philol.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Antipho5.73</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Grg.</span>478c</span>; sts. c. Art., τοῦτο οὐκ ἐνδέκομαι τὴν ἀ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.25</span>; τὴν ἀ. γὰρ ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ γράφειν <span class="bibl">D.23.93</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[first principle]], [[element]], first so used by Anaximander, acc. to <span class="bibl">Simp. <span class="title">in Ph.</span>150.23</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Metaph.</span>983b11</span>, etc.; Ἡράκλειτος τὴν ἀ. εἶναί φησι ψυχήν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">de An.</span>405a25</span>; of [[ὕλη]] and [[θεός]], opp. [[στοιχεῖα]], <span class="title">Placit.</span>1.3.25; [[practical principle]] of conduct, τῶν πράξεων τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ὑποθέσεις <span class="bibl">D. 2.10</span>; [[principles]] of knowledge, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>995b8</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[end]], [[corner]], of a bandage, rope, sheet, etc., <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.60</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Off.</span>9</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 762</span>, <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.18.14</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>10.11</span>; of a compound pulley, <span class="bibl">Hero <span class="title">Bel.</span>84.14</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> Math., [[origin]] of a curve, τῆς ἕλικος <span class="bibl">Archim.<span class="title">Spir.</span> 11</span> <span class="title">Def.</span>2, etc.; ξυνὸν ἀ. καὶ πέρας ἐπὶ κύκλου περιφερείας <span class="bibl">Heraclit. 103</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[branch]] of a river, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ge.</span>2.10</span> (pl.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> [[sum]], [[total]], ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Nu.</span>1.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> [[vital organs]] of the body, Gal.1.318, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[first place]] or [[power]], [[sovereignty]] (not in Hom.), Διὸς ἀρχά <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>2.64</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.6</span>, etc.; γενέσθαι ἐπ' ἀρχῆς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1284b2</span>: metaph., [[μεγάλην μεντἂν ἀ. εἴης εὑρηκώς]], of a stroke of fortune, <span class="bibl">D.21.196</span>: pl., ἀρχαὶ πολισσονόμοι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>864</span> (lyr.); τὰς ἐμὰς ἀρχὰς σέβων <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>744</span>, etc.: c. gen. rei, τῆσδ' ἔχων ἀρχὴν χθονός <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>737</span>; [[ἀ. τῶν νεῶν]], [[τῆς θαλάσσης]], [[power over]] them, <span class="bibl">Th.3.90</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Ath.</span>2.7</span>, etc.: prov., [[ἀ. ἄνδρα δείξει]] Biasap.<span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1130a1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.<span class="title">Prooem.</span>48</span>; [[method of government]], οὐδὲ τὴν ἄλλην ἀ. ἐπαχθής <span class="bibl">Th.6.54</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[empire]], [[realm]], [[Κύρου]], [[Περδίκκου ἀ]]., <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.91</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.4.128</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[magistracy]], [[office]], [[ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν]], [[παραλαμβάνειν]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.80</span>, <span class="bibl">4.147</span>; καταστήσας τὰς ἀ. καὶ ἄρχοντας ἐπιστήσας <span class="bibl">Id.3.89</span>; [[εἰς ἀ. καθίστασθαι]] <span class="bibl">Th.8.70</span>; [[εἰς τὴν ἀ. εἰσιέναι]] <span class="bibl">D.59.72</span>, etc.; [[ἀ. λαχεῖν]] to obtain [[an office]], <span class="bibl">Id.57.25</span>; Ἑλληνοταμίαι τότε πρῶτον κατέστη ἀ. <span class="bibl">Th.1.96</span>; ἐνιαύσιος ἀ. <span class="bibl">Id.6.54</span>; [[ἀ. χειροτονητή]], [[κληρωτή]], Lex ap.<span class="bibl">Aeschin.1.21</span>; withsg. Noun, Κυθηροδίκης ἀ. ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης διέβαινεν αὐτόσε <span class="bibl">Th.4.53</span>; [[term of office]], ἀρχῆς λοιποὶ αὐτῷ δύο μῆνες <span class="bibl">Antipho6.42</span>; ἀρχαὶ καὶ λειτουργίαι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">POxy.</span>119.16</span> (iii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in pl., αἱ ἀρχαί [[the authorities]], [[the magistrates]], <span class="bibl">Th.5.47</span>, cf. Decr. ap. <span class="bibl">And.1.83</span>; [[ἐν ταῖς ἀ. εἶναι]] <span class="bibl">Th.6.54</span>; [[ἡ ἀρχή]] collectively, 'the board', <span class="bibl">D.47.22</span>, cf. <span class="title">IG</span>1.229, etc.; παραδιδόναι τινὰ τῇ ἀ. <span class="bibl">Antipho5.48</span>; but [[ἡ ἀ]]., of a single [[magistrate]], <span class="bibl">PHal.1.226</span> (iii B.C.); [[κατ' ἀρχῆς γὰρ φιλαίτιος λεώς]] = [[people are always ready to blame the rulers]], [[people are against authority]], [[people were fond of anything by which they could call authority in question]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>485</span>; πομποὺς ἀρχάς <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>124</span> (anap.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[command]], i.e. [[body of troops]], <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">1 Ki.</span>13.17</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> pl., [[heavenly powers]], Ep.Rom.8.38, al., cf. <span class="bibl">Dam. <span class="title">Pr.</span>96</span>; [[powers of evil]], Ep.Eph.6.12, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> = stingless bee [[εἶδος]] μελίσσης ἀκέντρου, Hsch.</span>