ἄν: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(A), [ᾰ], Ep., Lyr., Ion., Arc., Att.; also κεν) Ep., Aeol., Thess., κᾱ Dor., Boeot., El.; the two combined in Ep. (infr. <span class="bibl">D. 11.2</span>) and Arc., <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> εἰκ ἄν <span class="title">IG</span>5(2).6.2, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as [[ἄν]], in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; [[ἄν]] is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here [[ἄν]] belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus [[ἦλθεν]] [[he came]], <b class="b3">ἦλθεν ἄν</b> [[he would have come]] (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so <b class="b2">he might have come;</b> [[ἔλθοι]] [[may he come]], <b class="b3">ἔλθοι ἄν</b> [[he would come]] (under certain conditions), and so [[he might come]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> WITH INDICATIVE: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> with historical tenses, generally impf. and aor., less freq. plpf., never pf., v. infr., </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what [[would be]] or [[would have been]] the case if the condition [[were]] or [[had been]] fulfilled. The impf. with [[ἄν]] refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perhaps καί κε θάμ' ἐνθάδ' ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ' <span class="bibl">Od.4</span>. <span class="bibl">178</span>; later also in pres. time, first in <span class="bibl">Thgn.905</span>; <b class="b3">πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο</b> it [[would be]] far more strange if they were honoured, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>489a</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν</b> he [[would]] not [[have]] been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, <span class="bibl">Th.1.9</span>. The aor. strictly refers only to past time, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>11.24</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν</b> if he had then come to this opinion, he [[would have]] accomplished nothing of what he has now done, <span class="bibl">D.4.5</span>, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say [[I should have]] said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>755</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>199d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Euthphr.</span>12d</span>, etc.: the plpf. refers to completed actions, as <b class="b3">ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη</b> I [[should have]] already learnt... ib.<span class="bibl">14c</span>; εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> the protasis is freq. understood: <b class="b3">ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν</b> fear [[would have]] seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), <span class="bibl">Il.4.421</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο</b> they [[would]] not [[have]] built the wall (if they had not won a battle), <span class="bibl">Th.1.11</span>; <b class="b3">πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια</b> for (if that were so) they [[would be]] worth much, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>374d</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε</b> for there was nothing which you [[could have]] done, i. e. [[would have]] done (if you had tried), <span class="bibl">D.18.43</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> with no definite protasis understood, to express what [[would have been likely to happen]], or [[might have happened]] in past time: <b class="b3">ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος</b> for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes [[may]] already [[have]] killed him before you, <span class="bibl">Od.4.546</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι</b> every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') [[would have]] longed to be a warrior, <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ra.</span>1022</span>; esp. with [[τάχα]], q. v., <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν</b>, i. e. it [[might]] perhaps [[have]] come, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>523</span>; <b class="b3">τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες</b> (sc. [[διέβησαν]]) and they [[might]] also perhaps [[have]] crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, <span class="bibl">Th.6.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>265b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as <b class="b3">ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν</b>, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ . . ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν</b> it [[had]] caused (for it [[would have]] caused) fear, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>1113</span>. This use becomes more common in later Gk. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with fut. ind.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> frequently in Ep., usu. with κεν, rarely [[ἄν]], <span class="bibl">Il.9.167</span>, <span class="bibl">22.66</span>, indicating a limitation or condition, <b class="b3">ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι</b> and he [[will likely be]] angry to whom-[[soever]] I shall come, ib.<span class="bibl">1.139</span>; <b class="b3">καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει</b> and in that case men will say, <span class="bibl">4.176</span>; ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω <span class="bibl">Od.3.80</span>; so in Lyr., μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.68</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">I.</span>6(5).59</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> rarely in codd. of Att. Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε <span class="bibl">Th.1.140</span>; οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>615d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>29c</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.13</span>; dub. in <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>2.174</span>: in later Prose, Philostr.V A2.21, S E.<span class="title">M.</span>9.225: also in Poetry, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>484</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1313</span>; οὐκ ἂν προδώσω <span class="bibl">Herod.6.36</span> (corr. <b class="b3">-δοίην</b>):— for [[ἄν]] with fut. inf. and part. v. infr. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Ep., the meaning being the same as with the fut. ind. (<span class="bibl">1.2a</span>), freq. with 1st pers., as <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> in that case [[I will]] take her myself, <span class="bibl">Il.1.324</span>; <b class="b3">πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν</b> obey and [[if so]] I will be grateful, <span class="bibl">14.235</span> (the subj. is always introduced by [[δέ]] in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις <span class="bibl">3.54</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> WITH OPTATIVE (never fut., rarely pf. <b class="b3">πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με</b>]; <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Smp.</span>3.6</span>): </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with [[εἰ]] or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a fut. condition: ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη <span class="bibl">Il.7.28</span>; οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>68b</span>:—in Hom. pres. and aor. opt. with κε or [[ἄν]] are sometimes used like impf. and aor. ind. with [[ἄν]] in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: <b class="b3">καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο . . εἰ μὴ . . νόησε κτλ</b>., i. e. he [[would have]] perished, had she not perceived, etc., <span class="bibl">Il.5.311</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">5.388</span>, <span class="bibl">17.70</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ . . κλισίηνδε φεροίμην</b> if we were now contending in another's honour, I [[should]] now carry... ib.<span class="bibl">23.274</span>: so rarely in Trag., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος</b> (for <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε</b>) <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>568</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> with protasis in pres. or fut., the opt. with [[ἄν]] in apodosi takes a simply future sense: <b class="b3">φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος</b> they [[might perhaps]] damage, <span class="bibl">Th.1.142</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.60</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>25b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>333e</span>; ἢν οὖν μάθῃς . . οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>116</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.1.26</span>, al. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ <span class="bibl">Od.10.269</span>; <b class="b3">οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν</b> for (if they should do so) they [[would]] burst, <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.2.21</span>; <b class="b3">τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε . . ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν</b> two men [[could]] not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. [[would]] not, if they should try, <span class="bibl">Il.12.447</span>; οὐδ' ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>240</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.2.8</span>: in Hom. sometimes with ref. to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη <span class="bibl">Il.5.85</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: <b class="b3">ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην</b> but I [[would]] gladly ask Leptines, <span class="bibl">D.20.129</span>; <b class="b3">βουλοίμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] like, Lat. [[velim]] (but <b class="b3">ἐβουλόμην ἄν</b> I [[should]] wish, if it were of any avail, [[vellem]]); <b class="b3">ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν;</b> which way then [[can]] we turn? <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthd.</span>290a</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου</b> I [[will]] not give up the throne, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>830</span>; idiomatically, referring to the past, <b class="b3">αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν</b> but these [[would]] not (on investigation) prove to be many, <span class="bibl">Th.1.9</span>; <b class="b3">εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες</b> these [[would]] be (i. e. [[would have]] been) Cretans, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.2</span>: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη</b>, i.e. it [[would]] not [[prove to be]], etc. (for, it [[is]] not, etc.), Pl.<span class="title">R.</span> <span class="bibl">333e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">e</span> in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν . . δοίη; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 1100</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1448</span>; πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>389</span>: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν <span class="bibl">Il.4.94</span>; <b class="b3">σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις</b> you [[may]] take yourself off (milder than <b class="b3">κόμιζε σεαυτόν</b>), <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>444</span>; <b class="b3">χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω</b> you [[may]] go in, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1491</span>; <b class="b3">κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε</b> hear me now, Phoebus, ib.<span class="bibl">637</span>; <b class="b3">φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>23c</span>, <span class="bibl">48b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">f</span> in a protasis which is also an apodosis: <b class="b3">εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι</b> if I [[would]] trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>329b</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο</b> if you [[would]] not do this (if you could), <span class="bibl">D.4.18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.5.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Plot.6.4.16</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">g</span> rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ' ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι <span class="bibl">Od.3.231</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">14.123</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.5.303</span>; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1186</span>; τεὰν δύνασιν τίς . . κατάσχοι; <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>605</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">h</span> [[ἄν]] c. fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. <span class="bibl">1.2b</span>), as <b class="b3">τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι</b> ([[ἐπαινέσαι]] Bekk.) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>719e</span>; <b class="b3">εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο</b> ([[οὐδένα]] Bekk.) <span class="bibl">Lys.1.22</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part., τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>577b</span>) representing ind. or opt.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> pres. inf. or part.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> representing impf. ind., <b class="b3">οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα . . οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν;</b> do you think he [[would]] not [[have]] kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), <span class="bibl">D.49.35</span>; <b class="b3">ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν</b> when you [[would have]] been unable, <span class="bibl">Th.1.73</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.40</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> representing pres. opt., <b class="b3">πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων</b> (representing <b class="b3">ἔχοιμ' ἄν</b>) ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω <span class="bibl">D. 18.258</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.3.18</span>: with Art., τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>174b</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> aor. inf. or part.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> representing aor. ind., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν;</b> do you not think he [[would]] even [[have]] run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), <span class="bibl">D.27.56</span>; <b class="b3">ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν</b> we know you [[would have]] been compelled, <span class="bibl">Th.1.76</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.89</span>; <b class="b3">ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς</b> when he [[might]] easily [[have]] been acquitted, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.4.4</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> representing aor. opt., <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι</b> I think they [[would]] not even be masters of the land (οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), <span class="bibl">Th.6.37</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.20</span>; <b class="b3">ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν</b> (ληφθείη ἄν) <span class="bibl">Id.7.42</span>; <b class="b3">οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα</b>, i.e. things which are not and never [[could]] happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), <span class="bibl">Id.6.38</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> pf. inf. or part. representing: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> plpf. ind., <b class="b3">πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι</b> (φήσειεν ἄν) he [[would]] say that all these [[would have]] been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), <span class="bibl">D.19.312</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> pf. opt., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ . . καταψηφίσαισθε</b> I do not believe they [[would]] (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., <span class="bibl">Lys.27.9</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> fut. inf.or part., never in Ep., and prob. always corrupt in Att., <b class="b3">νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν</b> (leg. <b class="b3">-ῆσαι</b>) <span class="bibl">Th.5.82</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.66</span>, <span class="bibl">8.25</span>,<span class="bibl">71</span>; part. is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>30c</span> (codd.), cf. <span class="bibl">D.19.342</span> (v. l.); both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα <span class="bibl">Plb.8.30.8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Marc.</span>15</span>, <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>; with part., <span class="bibl">Epicur. <span class="title">Nat.</span>14.1</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Asin.</span>26</span>, <span class="bibl">Lib.<span class="title">Or.</span>62.21</span>, dub. l. in <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">An.</span>6.6.5</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> In the protasis of conditional sentences with [[εἰ]], regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic <b class="b3">εἰ ἄν</b> is contracted into [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], or [[ἄν]] (ᾱ) (q. v.): Hom. has generally <b class="b3">εἴ κε</b> (or <b class="b3">αἴ κε</b>), sometimes [[ἤν]], once εἰ δ' ἄν <span class="bibl">Il.3.288</span>, twice εἴπερ ἄν <span class="bibl">5.224</span>, <span class="bibl">232</span>. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς</b> . . if thus thou shalt do... ib.<span class="bibl">2.364</span>; <b class="b3">ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν</b> if death (ever) come near... <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>671</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here [[ἄν]] coalesces with <b class="b3">ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή</b>, cf. [[ὅταν]], [[ὁπόταν]], [[ἐπήν]] or [[ἐπάν]] (Ion. [[ἐπεάν]]) <b class="b3">, ἐπειδάν</b>: Hom. has <b class="b3">ὅτε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὅτ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ὁππότε κε</b> (sts. <b class="b3">ὁπότ' ἄν</b> or <b class="b3">ὁππότ' ἄν</b>) <b class="b3">, ἐπεί κε</b> (ἐπεὶ ἄν <span class="bibl">Il.6.412</span>), <b class="b3">ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν;</b> v. also [[εἰσόκε]] (εἰς ὅ κε) :<b class="b3">—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν</b> whomsoever of these I [[may]] wish... <span class="bibl">Il.9.397</span>; <b class="b3">ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι</b> when I shall have no strength... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>91</span>; <b class="b3">ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος . . ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ</b> who[[ever]] conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, <span class="bibl">Il.9.312</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.4.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.21</span>. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (''1'' and <span class="bibl">2</span>) without <b class="b3">ἄν;</b> also Trag. and Com., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>496</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>805</span>; [[μέχρι]] and [[πρίν]] occasionally take subj. without [[ἄν]] in prose, e.g. <span class="bibl">Th.1.137</span>,<span class="bibl">4.16</span> (μέχρι οὗ), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>62c</span>, <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.60</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as [[ὡς]], [[ὅπως]] (of Manner), [[ἵνα]] (of Place), [[ὄφρα]], [[ἕως]], etc. (of Time), freq. in Ep., σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι <span class="bibl">Il.1.32</span>; ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ <span class="bibl">Od.3.359</span>; ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ . . φράσω <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>824</span>; ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>198e</span>; μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span> 481a</span> (where [[ὅπως]] with fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after [[ὡς]] in Hdt., Trag., <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.5.16</span>, al., once in <span class="bibl">Th.6.91</span> (but fut. ind. is regular in Att.); [[ἵνα]] final does not take [[ἄν]] or κε exc. ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν . . φύγοιμεν <span class="bibl">Od.12.156</span> ([[ἵνα]] = [[where]] in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>405</span>). [[μή]], = [[lest]], takes [[ἄν]] only with opt. in apodosis, as <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>631</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.93</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> in Ep. sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε (ν), exc. εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.597</span>), εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο <span class="bibl">Od.8.353</span>; <b class="b3">ὥς κε . . δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι</b> that he [[might]] give her to whomsoever he [[might]] please, ib.<span class="bibl">2.54</span>: so in Hdt. in final clauses, <span class="bibl">1.75</span>,<span class="bibl">99</span>:—in <span class="bibl">Od.23.135</span> <b class="b3">ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν</b> belongs to Verb in apod., as in ὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.5.81</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> rarely in [[oratio obliqua]], where a relat. or temp. word retains an [[ἄν]] which it would have with subj. in direct form, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>687</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.17.15</span>; ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην <span class="bibl">D.30.6</span>:—similarly after a preceding opt., οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν . . σκέψαιο <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>101d</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> rarely with [[εἰ]] and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Ep.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> with fut. ind. as with subj.: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται <span class="bibl">Il.15.213</span>:—so with relat., οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι <span class="bibl">1.175</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with [[εἰ]] and a past tense of ind., once in Hom., εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος <span class="bibl">Il.23.526</span>; so <b class="b3">Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο</b> Orac. ap. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.174</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span> 1099</span> (cod. R), <span class="bibl">A.R.1.197</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> in later Greek, [[ἄν]] with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>6.56</span>; ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PFay.</span>136</span> (iv A. D.); ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι <span class="bibl">Phlp. <span class="title">in Ph.</span>436.19</span>; cf. [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> with impf. and more rarely aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically <b class="b2">a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered;</b> freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), <b class="b3">κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο</b> she [[would]] (i. e. [[used to]]) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>295</span>; <b class="b3">εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν... ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν</b> whenever they saw it, on each occasion, <span class="bibl">Th.7.71</span>; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>22b</span>: inf. representing impf. of this constr., <b class="b3">ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν . . ἀναχωρεῖν</b>, i. e. I hear they [[used to]] retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), <span class="bibl">D.9.48</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> GENERAL REMARKS: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> POSITION OF [[ἄν]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> in A, when [[ἄν]] does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in [[ἐάν]], [[ὅταν]]), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as <b class="b3">μέν, δέ, τε, ga/r, kai/, νυ, περ,</b> etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν . . εἰ δέ κε <span class="bibl">Il.3.281</span>-<span class="bibl">4</span>; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ <span class="bibl">D.2.14</span>:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν <span class="bibl">Od.8.355</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.2.123</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε</b>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>280</span>,<span class="bibl">357</span>; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν <span class="bibl">D.4.45</span>; ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>1420</span>: also ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>647e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">850a</span>; ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται <span class="bibl">739c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in apodosis, [[ἄν]] may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. <b class="b3">οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι</b>, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, <b class="b3">λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε;</b> do you think they [[would have]] believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), <span class="bibl">D.6.20</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[ἄν]] is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as <b class="b3">οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα</b>, etc., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἴει</b> . .; freq. in <span class="bibl">Pl., <span class="title">Grg.</span>486d</span>, al.; <b class="b3">καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι</b> I think that I [[should]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.25</span>; οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.2</span>; <b class="b3">ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι</b> (where [[ἄν]] belongs to [[ῥηθῆναι]]) <span class="bibl">D. 18.225</span>:—in the phrase <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ</b>, or <b class="b3">οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν</b> belongs not to [[οἶδα]], but to the Verb which follows, <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι</b>, for <b class="b3">οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>941</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Alc.</span>48</span>; οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ti.</span>26b</span>; οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.4.12</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[ἄν]] never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> <abbr title="Illegible text in print source">†</abbr><span class="bibl">37</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> REPETITION OF [[ἄν]]:—in apodosis [[ἄν]] may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>333</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>69</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span> 340</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.76</span> (fin.), <span class="bibl">2.41</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>31a</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.20.15</span>; ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1244</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>739</span>; attached to a parenthetical phrase, <b class="b3">ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>1438</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[ἄν]] is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in Hom., as <span class="bibl">Il.11.187</span>,<span class="bibl">202</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.361</span>, al.; cf. <b class="b3">ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν</b> [[varia lectio|v.l.]] ib.<span class="bibl">18.318</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which [[ἄν]] belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only [[εἰμί]], as <b class="b3">τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής</b> (sc. [[ᾖ]]) <span class="bibl">Il.5.481</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ</b> (sc. [[ἔρρεγκον]]) <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>5</span>; <b class="b3">τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος</b> (sc. [[πρᾶξαι]]), εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>935</span>:—so in phrases like [[πῶς γὰρ ἄν]]; and <b class="b3">πῶς οὐκ ἄν</b> (sc. [[εἴη]]); also in <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ</b> (or [[ὡσπερανεί]]), as <b class="b3">φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν</b>) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>479a</span>; so <b class="b3">τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν</b> (sc. [[ἐφρόνησαν]]) εἰ . . <span class="bibl">Isoc.10.48</span>:—so also when <b class="b3">κἂν εἰ</b>( = [[καὶ ἂν εἰ]]) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which [[ἄν]] cannot belong, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>477a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Men.</span>72c</span>; cf. [[κἄν]]:—so the Verb of a protasis containing [[ἄν]] may be understood, <b class="b3">ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ</b>) <span class="bibl">D.2.14</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς</b> (sc. [[ἴητε]]) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.3.6</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> ELLIPSIS OF [[ἄν]]:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, [[ἄν]] is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1049</span>: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>352e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">439b</span> codd.: but [[ἄν]] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. <span class="bibl">398a</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.19.156</span> (where an opt. is implied with the third [[ὡς]]): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, <b class="b3">τοῦτον ἂν . . θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι</b>) <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>669</span>.</span><span class=head>ἄν</span><span class="bld">ἄν</span> (B), [ᾱ], Att., <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> = [[ἐάν]], [[ἤν]], <span class="bibl">Th.4.46</span> codd., al.; freq. in Pl., ἂν σωφρονῇ <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>61b</span>; <b class="b3">ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">80d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.4.50</span>; ἄν τ' . . ἄν τε <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Ath.</span>48.4</span>: not common in earlier Att. Inscrr., <span class="title">IG</span>1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, <span class="title">SIG</span>1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>2p.47</span> (iii B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPar.</span>32.19</span> (ii B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>110.8</span> (i B. C.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>20.23</span>, etc.</span><span class=head>ἄν</span><span class="bld">ἄν</span> (C) or ἀν, Epic form of [[ἀνά]], q. v.<span class=head>ἄν</span><span class="bld">ἄν</span> (D), shortened from [[ἄνα]], v. sub [[ἀνά]] G.