εἴρω: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=1.<br />Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[knit together]],<br />Other forms: mostly present, aor. [[εἶραι]], [[ἔρσαι]] (Ion.-Att.; cf. Schwyzer 753), perf. med. Ptz. [[ἐερμένος]], [[εἰρμένος]] (Ion. etc.), plusquamperf. [[ἔερτο]] (Hom.), perf. act. <b class="b3">δι-εῖρκα</b> (X.) [[fit together]], mostly with prefix, esp. <b class="b3">συν-είρω</b><br />Compounds: also <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>, <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐξ-</b> u. a. (Ion.-Att.).<br />Derivatives: [[ἕρματα]] pl. [[earhangers]] (Od.), [[sling]] (Ael.), also [[καθέρματα]] (Anacr.); [[ἔνερσις]] ([[ἐνείρω]]) [[fit together]] (Th. 1, 6), [[δίερσις]] [[sting through]] (hell.); from present [[εἱρμός]] [[connecting]] (Arist.; on spir. asper s. below), [[συνειρμός]] (Demetr. Eloc. 180); - with <b class="b3">ο-</b>Ablaut [[ὅρμος]] [[chain]], [[collar]] (s. v.), from where [[ὁρμιά]], [[ὁρμαθός]].<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [911] <b class="b2">*ser-</b> [[fit together]]<br />Etymology: Beside the Jot present [[εἴρω]] (as simplex only Pi. and Arist.), with full grade, Latin has [[serō]]; this etymology supposes, that [[εἴρω]] lost the spir. asper, which is understandable as the simplex is rare compared with <b class="b3">συν-είρω</b> etc.; an aspirated [[εἵρω]] is mentioned by EM 304, 30 (s. Solmsen Unt. 292 n. 2). Also the verbal nouns may have the old aspir., if it did not arise sec. before [[ρμ]] (cf. Schwyzer 306). - Traces of the verb and nouns in: Italic, Osc. [[aserum]] [[asserere]], in Celtic OIr. <b class="b2">sern(a)id</b> [[serit]], nasal present, coincided with <b class="b2">sern(a)id</b> [[sternit]] (Thurneysen Grammar 133); further the nouns Skt. [[sarat]] f. [[thread]] (Lex.), OLith. <b class="b2">sėris</b> [[thread]]; further OWNo. [[sørvi]] n. [[collar]] (PGm. <b class="b2">*saru̯ii̯a-</b>), from where the old Germ. word for [[weapon]], [[equipment]], e. g. Goth. [[sarwa]] n. pl. (PGm. <b class="b2">*saru̯a-</b>, IE <b class="b2">*sor-u̯o-</b>; with <b class="b2">*sor-mo-</b> parallel to [[ὅρμος]]); also Toch. A [[sark]], B [[serke]] m. [[wreath]] (Schneider KZ 66, 259, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 161; IE <b class="b2">*sor-ko-</b>, <b class="b2">*sor-g(h)o-</b>). - The parallel [[ἔνερσις]] = <b class="b2">inserti-ō</b> is due to parallel innovation. - Diff. on [[εἴρω]] Sommer Lautstud. 134. - W.-Hofmann s. [[serō]].<br />2.<br />Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: [[say]].<br />Other forms: only 1. sg. pres. (Od.) and 3. sg. [[εἶρεν]] as aorist (B. 16, 20; 74), but [[εἴρετο]] (Α 513), <b class="b3">-οντο</b> (λ 342) rather [[asked]] (cf. Chantr. Gramn. hom. 1, 341 n. 3), [[εἴρεται]] (Arat.) for [[εἴρηται]] as sometimes hell. [[εἴρεκα]] for [[εἴρηκα]] (to [[ἐρρέθην]]), fut. ep. Ion. [[ἐρέω]], Att. [[ἐρῶ]], perf. med. [[εἴρηται]] (Il.; Arg. [[ϜεϜρημένος]], Cret. [[Ϝερημένος]]), with fut. pass. <b class="b3">ει᾽ρήσομαι</b> (ep. Ion. Il.), perf. act. [[εἴρηκα]] (A., Ar.), aor. pass. ptc. [[ῥηθείς]] (Od.), [[εἰρέθην]] (Hdt.; rather with Lejeune Traité de phon. 136 after [[εἴρηται]] than with Schwyzer 654 from <b class="b3">*ἐϜρέθην</b>), Att. [[ἐρρήθην]], hell. innovation [[ἐρρέθην]], fut. [[ῥηθήσομαι]] (Att.) - As aorist [[εἶπον]] is used, as present [[φημί]], [[λέγω]], hell. also [[ἐρῶ]] (Schwyzer 784 n. 4) with ipf. [[ἤρεον]] (<b class="b3">εἴ-</b>) [[said]] (Hp.).<br />Compounds: Often with prefix: <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">προσ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατ-</b>, also <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπ-</b>, <b class="b3">δι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, <b class="b3">ὑπ-ερῶ</b> etc.<br />Derivatives: Action nouns: [[ῥῆσις]] (Ion.-Att. φ 291), Arc. [[Ϝρῆσις]] [[pronunciation]], [[speech]] (on the meaning Chantr. Form. 283, further Holt Les noms d'action en <b class="b3">-σις</b> 87f. w. n. 1), often to the prefixed verbs: <b class="b3">ἀνά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">διά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>, <b class="b3">παρά-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-ρησις</b> (cf. Holt, s. index); [[ῥῆμα]] [[statement]], [[word]], [[story]], as grammatical terminus [[verb]] (Ion. Archil.), also <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-</b>, <b class="b3">πρόσ-ρημα</b>; [[ῥήτρα]], <b class="b3">-η</b> (ξ 393, X., Dor.), El. [[Ϝράτρα]] *Schwyzer 679), Cypr. with dissim. [[Ϝρήτα]] (from where [[εὑϜρητάσατυ]]) [[agreement]], [[treaty]], [[law]], [[pronunciation]] (Chantr. Form. 333), with [[ῥητρεύω]] [[pronounce]] (Lyc.); on <b class="b3">τρα-</b>suffix cf. [[ῥητήρ]], [[ῥήτωρ]]. - Agent nouns: [[ῥητήρ]] [[speaker]] (Ι 443), [[ῥήτωρ]] [[speaker]], esp. [[orator]] in state affairs (trag., Att.). - Verbal adj. [[ῥητός]] [[agreed]], [[settled]] (Φ 445 < <b class="b2">*u̯rh₁-tos</b>; cf. Ammann <b class="b3">Μνήμης χάριν</b> 1, 20), <b class="b2">pronounceable, what can be said, rational</b> (A., S.), often opposed to [[ἄρρητος]] (e. g. Hes. Op. 4), <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-ρρητος</b>; <b class="b3">παρα-ρρητός</b> [[convincing]] (Il.; to <b class="b3">παρά-φημι</b>, <b class="b3">-ειπεῖν</b>). - Adv. <b class="b3">δια-ρρήδην</b> [[expressly]] (h. Merc. etc.; Schwyzer-Debrunner 450), <b class="b3">ἐπι-ρρήδην</b> [[open]] (hell.), [[ῥήδην]] only A. D., EM (from <b class="b3">δια-ρρ</b>.). - Note the juridical and official meaning of many of the nouns (cf. the non-Greek cognates below); see Porzig Satzinhalte 265f., Fournier Les verbes "dire" 5ff., 94ff., 224ff.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1162] <b class="b2">*u̯erh₁-</b>, <b class="b2">u̯r̥h₁-</b> <b class="b2">speak (officially)</b><br />Etymology: With exception of isolated <b class="b3">(Ϝ)είρω</b> (on the digamma Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 136), which is an innovation to <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ερέ-[σ]ω</b> after <b class="b3">κτεν-έ[σ]ω</b> : [[κτείνω]] (cf. also Hitt. <b class="b2">u̯erii̯a-</b> below; aoristic [[εἶρεν]] [B.] after [[κτεῖνεν]]?), all forms are from disyllabic <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ερε-</b> and <b class="b3">(Ϝ)ρη-</b>; the first in the future, the latter in the perfect (<b class="b3">Ϝέ-Ϝρη-μαι</b> etc.; Schwyzer 649), the passive aorist and the verbal nouns. - Cf. Hitt. Jotpresent <b class="b2">u̯erii̯a-</b> [[call]], [[name]], [[order]] (= <b class="b3">(Ϝ)είρω</b>, s. above), with the particle for the direct speech <b class="b2">-wa(r</b>)- prop. <b class="b2">said (he)</b>; also the Russ. deverbat. <b class="b2">vrú</b>, <b class="b2">vrátь</b> [[lie]], [[talk rot]] (< <b class="b2">*vьrǫ</b>, <b class="b2">*vьrati</b>) has been connected. Of the nouns compare Av. <b class="b2">urvāta-</b> n. [[pronouncement]], [[order]], (IE <b class="b2">*u̯reh₁-to-</b>?). With (unexplained) short vowel Av. <b class="b2">urvata-</b> n. = Skt. <b class="b2">vratá-</b> n. <b class="b2">id.</b>, IE <b class="b2">*u̯re</b>\/<b class="b2">o-to-</b> (?), Russ. etc. <b class="b2">rotá</b> [[oath]], IE. <b class="b2">*u̯ro-tā</b> (?); monosyllabic with old <b class="b2">dh-</b>enlargement Lat. [[verbum]], Lith. <b class="b2">var̃das</b> [[name]], Goth. <b class="b2">waúrd</b> [[word]]. Very doubtful is (on a wrong place, after [[ἔραχος]], given <b class="b3">ἔρθει φθέγγεται</b> H. (not to verbum, which would give <b class="b3">*ἐρεθ-</b>) - S. also [[εἴρων]].