δέ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[but]]: adversative and copulative Particle, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> answering to [[μέν]] (q. v.), τὴν νῦν μὲν Βοιωτίαν, πρότερον δὲ Καδμηίδα γῆν καλουμένην <span class="bibl">Th.1.12</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> without preceding [[μέν]], </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> adversative, expressing distinct opposition, <b class="b3">αἰεί τοι τὰ κάκ' ἐστὶ φίλα… μαντεύεσθαι, ἐσθλὸν δ' οὔτε τί πω εἶπας</b> ll.<span class="bibl">1.108</span>; ὀρθῶς ἔλεξας, οὐ φίλως δέ μοι λέγεις <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>100</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>85</span>, etc.; τέθνηκεν ἀνδρὸς οὐδενός, θεοῦ δ' ὕπο <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>334</span>; so in Prose, οὐκ ἐπὶ κακῷ, ἐλευθερώσει δέ… <span class="bibl">Th.4.86</span>; οἱ αἰχμάλωτοι… ᾤχοντο εἰς Δεκέλειαν, οἱ δ' εἰς Μέγαρα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>1.2.14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.5.46</span>; ἡ δ' ἑτέρα <span class="title">IG</span>2.652<span class="hiitalic">A</span>45. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> copulative, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">a</span> in explanatory clauses, <b class="b3">ξυνέβησαν… τὰ μακρὰ τείχη ἑλεῖν</b> (ἦν δὲ σταδίων μάλιστα ὀκτώ) <span class="bibl">Th.4.66</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.7.48</span>: when a Subst. is folld. by words in apposition, Ἀρισταγόρῃ τῷ Μιλησίῳ, δούλῳ δὲ ἡμετέρῳ <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.8</span>.β'; μήτηρ βασιλέως βασίλεια δ' ἐμή <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>152</span>; so in answers, <b class="b3">διπλᾶ λέγειν</b>. —Answ. διπλᾶδ' ὁρᾶν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>974</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in enumerations or transitions, <span class="bibl">Il.1.43</span>-<span class="bibl">49</span>,<span class="bibl">345</span>-<span class="bibl">351</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.2.1</span>, etc.; with repetition of a word in different relations, ὣς Ἀχιλεὺς θάμβησεν... θάμβησαν δὲ καὶ ἄλλοι <span class="bibl">Il.24.483</span>; σάκος εἷλε... εἵλετο δ' ἔγχος <span class="bibl">14.9</span> sq.; Ζεύς ἐστιν αἰθήρ, Ζεὺς δὲ γῆ, Ζεὺς δ' οὐρανός <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>70</span>; κινεῖκραδίαν, κινεῖδὲ χόλον <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>99</span>; ὄζει ἴων, ὄζει δὲ ῥόδων, ὄζει δ' ὑακίνθου <span class="bibl">Hermipp.82.8</span>; in rhetorical outbursts, οὐκ ἂν εὐθέως εἴποιεν· τὸν δὲ βάσκανον, τὸν δὲ ὄλεθρον, τοῦτον δὲ ὑβρίζειν,—ἀναπνεῖν δέ. <span class="bibl">D.21.209</span>; in a climax, <b class="b3">πᾶν γύναιον καὶ παιδίον καὶ θηρίον δέ</b> [[nay]] even beast, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>171e</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">HG</span>5.2.37</span>; in the combination καὶ δέ <span class="bibl">Il.23.80</span>, al., καὶ… δέ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 973</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1117</span>, etc., each particle retains its force. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> answering to τε (q. v.), ἃ τῶν τε ἀποβαινόντων ἕνεκα ἄξια κεκτῆσθαι, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον αὐτὰ αὑτῶν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>367c</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> implying causal connection, less direct than [[γάρ]], <span class="bibl">Il.6.160</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.1.433</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> in questions, with implied opposition, ἑόρακας δ', ἔφη, τὴν γυναῖκα; <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.1.4</span>; καὶ ὁ Σωκράτης, εἰπέ μοι, ἔφη, κύνας δὲ τρέφεις; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.9.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">2.1.26</span>, <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Ant.</span>1172</span>: in Trag. (not in Com. or Oratt.), when the speaker turns from one person to another, the voc. stands first, then the pers. Pron. folld. by [[δέ]], as Μενέλαε, σοὶ δὲ τάδε λέγω… <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>622</span>, etc.; also in Hdt., ὦ δέσποτα, ἐγὼ δὲ ταῦτα ἐποίησα <span class="bibl">1.115</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">τί δέ;</b> what [[then]]? to mark a transition in dialogue; v. [[τίς]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> in apodosi: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> after hypothetical clauses, <b class="b3">εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώωσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι</b> if they will not give it, [[then]] I... <span class="bibl">Il.1.137</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.12.54</span>; εἰ μηδὲ τοῦτο βούλει ἀποκρίνασθαι, σὺ δὲ τοὐντεῦθεν λέγε <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.5.21</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>3.43</span> (v.l.), <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1060</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.1</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> after temporal or relative clauses, with [[ἐπεί]], [[ἕως]], etc., <span class="bibl">Il.24.255</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.70</span>, etc.; μέχρι… εἶχον τὰ βέλη, οἱ δὲ ἀντεῖχον <span class="bibl">Th.3.98</span>; with demonstr. Pronouns or Advbs. answering to a preceding relative, <b class="b3">οἵηπερ φύλλων γενεή</b>, τοίη δὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν <span class="bibl">Il.6.146</span>, etc.; ἆθλα οἷς κεῖται ἀρετῆς μέγιστα, τοῖς δὲ καὶ ἄνδρες ἄριστοι πολιτεύουσιν <span class="bibl">Th.2.46</span>; τοὺς δ' ἔλαβε τυράννους… τούτους δὲ… ἐξεδίδου <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.37</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.98</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span>194d</span>; οἷα μὲν ἕκαστα ἐμοὶ φαίνεται τοιαῦτα μὲν ἔστιν ἐμοί, οἷα δὲ σοί, τοιαῦτα δὲ αὖ σοί <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tht.</span>152a</span>: sometimes after a participle, οἰόμενοι… τιμῆς τεύξεσθαι, ἀντὶ δὲ τούτων οὐδ' ὅμοιοι… ἐσόμεθα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.6.16</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.71</span> (v.l.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> to resume after an interruption or parenthesis, χρόνου δὲ ἐπιγινομένου καὶ κατεστραμμένων σχεδὸν πάντων...—κατεστραμμένων δὲ τούτων… <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.28</span>,<span class="bibl">29</span>; νῦν δ' αὖ πάλιν ὑπό τε πλούτου διαθρυπτόμενος… καὶ ὑπ' ἀνθρώπων… ὑπὸ τοιούτων δέ… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.2.23</span>; with an anacoluthon, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἄρα,—οἷ ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ… τῇ ἐμῇ ψυχῇ ἰτέον, αὕτη δὲ δή… <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>80d</span>: for <b class="b3">δ' οὖν</b>, v. [[οὖν]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> to begin a story, <b class="b3">ἦμος δ' ἠέλιος .</b>. [[well]], when the sun... <span class="bibl">Od.4.400</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> to introduce a proof, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ, σημεῖον δέ</b>, v. sub vocc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION of [[δέ]]. It usually stands second: hence freq. between Art. and Subst. or Prep. and case; but also after Subst., or words forming a connected notion, hence it may stand third, γυναῖκα πιστὴν δ' ἐν δόμοις εὕροι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>606</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Th.</span>411</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>531</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>959</span>, etc.; fourth, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>485</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>688</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>323</span>,<span class="bibl">383</span>, etc.; fifth, ib. <span class="bibl">401c</span>odd.; even sixth, Epigen.<span class="bibl">7</span>(codd. Poll.); so in Prose after a neg., <b class="b3">οὐχ ὑπ' ἐραστοῦ δέ</b>, to avoid confusion between <b class="b3">οὐ δέ</b> and [[οὐδέ]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>227c</span>.</span>