simulacrum: Difference between revisions

{{Lewis

|lshtext=<b>sĭmŭlācrum</b>: i, n. [[simulo]], an [[image]] formed in the [[likeness]] of a [[thing]],<br /><b>I</b> a [[likeness]], [[image]], form, [[representation]], [[semblance]] ([[class]].; syn.: [[imago]], [[effigies]], [[signum]]).<br /><b>I</b> Lit., of images formed by [[art]], reflected in a [[mirror]], or [[seen]] in a [[dream]]; of apparitions, visions, etc. (the [[latter]] [[mostly]] [[poet]]. and in [[post]]-Aug. [[prose]]).<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>A</b> Of images formed by [[art]], esp. of statues of the gods, an [[image]], [[figure]], [[portrait]], [[effigy]], [[statue]], etc.: alicujus effigiem simulacrumque servare, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 159; cf.: statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum ... relinquere, id. Arch. 12, 30: Helenae se pingere [[simulacrum]] velle dixit ([[Zeuxis]]), id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; cf. id. Fam. 5, 12, 7: delubra magnifica humanis consecrata simulacris, id. Rep. 3, 9, 14; [[but]] cf.: [[simulacrum]] deae non effigie humanā, Tac. H. 2, 3: deorum simulacra sanctissima, Cic. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3; so of the images of the gods, id. Verr. 2, 5, 72, § 185; Caes. B. G. 6, 16; 6, 17; id. B. C. 2, 5; 3, 105; Tac. H. 2, 3; id. A. 12, 22 al.: tueri aras simulacraque divom, Lucr. 5, 75; 5, 308: et [[bene]] facta deum frangit simulacra, id. 6, 419; Verg. A. 2, 172; Ov. M. 10, 694; 15, 658 al.; cf.: Herculis [[simulacrum]], Liv. 9, 44 fin.: simulacra oppidorum, Cic. Pis. 25, 60; cf. pugnarum, Liv. 41, 28, 10: Balbum in [[triumpho]] omnium gentium urbiumque nomina ac simulacra duxisse, Plin. 5, 5, 5, § 36; cf. also: [[simulacrum]] celebrati diei pingere, Liv. 24, 16 fin.: montium, fluviorum, Tac. A. 2, 41.— Poet., of the [[Trojan]] [[horse]], Verg. A. 2, 232 (for [[which]], [[effigies]], id. ib. 2, 184).—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>b</b> Adverb.: ad or per [[simulacrum]] ([[like]] ad similitudinem, formam), in the form of, [[after]] the [[pattern]] of: [[aurata]] [[aedes]] ad [[simulacrum]] templi Veneris collocata, Suet. Caes. 84: ad [[simulacrum]] ignium [[ardens]] [[Pharus]], id. Flor. 4, 2, 88; cf.: ad [[simulacrum]] caelestium siderum, id. ib. 1, 2, 3: digiti per litterarum simulacra ducuntur, Sen. Ep. 94, 51.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>B</b> An [[image]], form, [[shade]], [[phantom]] [[seen]] in a [[mirror]], in a [[dream]], etc.; [[analogous]] to the Gr. [[εἴδωλον]]: quaecunque [[apparent]] nobis simulacra, Lucr. 4, 99; cf.: per aquas, quae [[nunc]] rerum simulacra videmus, id. 1, 1060: [[quid]] [[frustra]] simulacra fugacia (in aquā visa) captas? Ov. M. 3, 432. —Of the shades or ghosts of the departed: quaedam simulacra modis pallentia miris, Lucr. 1, 123 (cf. Verg. G. 1, 477 [[infra]]); cf.: est via [[declivis]] (in Tartarum) ... umbrae recentes Descendunt [[illac]] simulacraque functa sepulcris, Ov. M. 4, 435; so id. ib. 10, 14: simulacra cara parentis, id. ib. 14, 112; cf. Verg. A. 2, 772: ut bibere in somnis [[sitiens]] cum quaerit ... laticum simulacra petit, etc., Lucr. 4, 1099; cf.: ([[canes]]) Expergefacti secuntur inania [[saepe]] Cervorum simulacra, id. 4, 995: simulacra inania somni, Ov. H. 9, 39: vana (noctis), id. Am. 1, 6, 9: simulacra modis pallentia miris Visa sub obscurum noctis, Verg. G. 1, 477; Sil. 3, 650 al.; cf.: ne vacua [[mens]] audita simulacra et inanes sibi [[metus]] fingeret, Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 7.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>2</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the philosoph. lang. of Lucret. ([[like]] the Gr. [[εἴδωλον]] and the Lat. [[spectrum]]), the form or [[image]] of an [[object]] of [[sense]] or [[thought]] presented to the [[mind]]; a [[representation]], [[idea]], [[conception]], Lucr. 2, 112; 4, 130; 4, 149 sq.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>3</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Of mnemonic signs, types, or emblems: ut res ipsas rerum [[effigies]] notaret [[atque]] ut locis pro cerā, simulacris pro litteris uteremur, Cic. de Or. 2, 86, 354.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>4</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A [[description]], a portraiture of [[character]]: non inseram [[simulacrum]] viri copiosi (Catonis), quae dixerit referendo, Liv. 45, 25.—<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>5</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A [[likeness]] or [[similitude]]: diu disputavi, Hominem quojus rei Similem esse arbitrarer simulacrumque habere: Id [[repperi]] jam [[exemplum]], etc., Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 6.—<br /><b>II</b> In partic., [[with]] the [[predominant]] [[idea]] of [[mere]] [[imitation]] (opp. to [[that]] [[which]] is [[original]] or [[real]]), a [[shadow]], [[semblance]], [[appearance]], etc.: [[simulacrum]] aliquod ac [[vestigium]] civitatis, Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 1; cf.: simulacra virtutis, id. Off. 1, 15, 46; and: haec simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia nullo [[modo]], id. Div. 2, 33, 71: libertatis, Tac. A. 1, 77: belli simulacra cientes, i.e. [[mock]]-fights, [[sham]]-fights, Lucr. 2, 41; 2, 324: pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis, Verg. A. 5, 585; 5, 674; Sil. 16, 529; 7, 119; cf.: [[simulacrum]] [[navalis]] pugnae, Liv. 26, 51, 6; 35, 26, 2: quibusdam pugnae simulacris ad [[verum]] [[discrimen]] aciemque justam consuescimus, Quint. 2, 10, 8; so, ludicrum pugnae, Liv. 40, 9: decurrentis exercitūs, id. 44, 9: vindemiae, Tac. A. 11, 31: civilitatis particulae, Quint. 2, 15, 25: inania, id. 10, 5, 17.

{{Georges

|georg=simulācrum, ī, n. (v. [[simulo]], [[wie]] [[lavacrum]] v. [[lavo]]), das [[Ebenbild]], [[Abbild]], [[Bildnis]], I) eig.: 1) [[als]] [[Werk]] der [[Plastik]], [[Malerei]] usw., a) übh.: oppidorum, Cic.: montium (abgemalt), Tac.: statuae et imagines [[non]] animorum simulacra, [[sed]] corporum, Cic.: [[simulacrum]] Helenae pingere, Cic.: u. so [[simulacrum]] [[eius]] [[rei]] pingi iubere, Liv.: ipsum hominem cupere evertere, [[eius]] effigiem simulacrumque servare, Cic. – ad [[simulacrum]] alcis [[rei]], [[nach]] dem Bilde-, [[Muster]] [[von]] usw., templi [[Veneris]], Suet.: ignium, [[Flor]].: so [[auch]] per litterarum simulacra, Sen. – b) die [[Puppe]], simulacra [[cerea]], Ov. her. 6, 91: simulacra hominum armata, Frontin. 3, 8, 3: simulacra [[illa]] armatorum, ibid. – 2) v. [[Spiegel]]-, [[Schatten]]-, [[Traum]]- u. Phantasiebildern: a) v. [[Spiegelbild]], Lucr. 4, 97: im [[Wasser]], Lucr. 1, 1060. Ov. [[met]]. 3, 432. – b) = [[Schattenbild]], [[Schatten]] der Abgeschiedenen, Ov. u.a.: simulacra pallentia, Enn. u. Lucr.: [[incertum]], Apul. Vgl. die Auslgg. zu Prop. 1, 19, 11. Delr. Sen. Herc. Oet. 1959. p. 358 sq. – c) = [[Traumbild]], simulacra inania somni, Ov.: vana (noctis), Ov.: pallentia, Verg. – d) = [[Gespenst]], simulacra audita, Gespenstergeschichten, Plin. ep. 7, 27, 7 (§ 6 [[imago]] [[gen]].). – e) ([[wie]] [[imago]] b. Cic. = [[εἴδωλον]]) [[als]] t. t. der epikurëischen [[Philos]]. = das dem Geiste vorschwebende [[Abbild]] eines gesehenen od. gedachten Gegenstandes, Lucr. 2, 112; 4, 128. – f) v. den mnemonischen Bildern od. Vorstellungen, Cic. de or. 2, 354. – 3) übtr., v. Bilde der [[Rede]]: a) = das Charakterbild, die Charakterschilderung, viri, Liv. 45, 25, 3. – b) = das [[Gleichnis]] (gew. [[imago]]), Plaut. most. 89. – II) übtr., im Ggstz. zur [[Wirklichkeit]]: 1) im allg., das bloße [[Abbild]], die Nachbildung, simulacra virtutis, Cic.: belli, Scheinkämpfe, Lucr.: pugnae, Verg.: s. [[ludicrum]] pugnae, s. [[navalis]] pugnae, [[Manöver]], Liv.: u. so decurrentis [[exercitus]], Liv.: simulacra proeliorum, Gell.: s. vindemiae, Tac. – 2) insbes.: a) [[mit]] dem Nebenbegr. [[des]] Täuschenden = das [[Scheinbild]], [[Schattenbild]], [[Trugbild]], [[Phantom]], der [[Schein]], simulacra religionis, Cic. de div. 1, 105. – b) [[mit]] dem Nbbgr. [[des]] Wesenlosen = der [[Schatten]], si [[denique]] imaginem iudiciorum [[aut]] [[simulacrum]] aliquod futurum [[reliquum]] credidisset, Cic.: [[haec]] simulacra sunt auspiciorum, auspicia [[nullo]] [[modo]], Cic.: [[qui]] ea simulacra libertatis senatui praebebat, Tac.: simulacra inania, wesenlose Bilder, Quint.

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