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καλός: Difference between revisions
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|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[good]] (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.<br />Other forms: Primary comp. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (Alc. ntr. <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [s. below], El. <b class="b3">καλιτερος</b> [graphic?], rarely <b class="b3">καλώτερος</b>, <b class="b3">καλλιώτερος</b>), <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) <b class="b3">καλλά</b>; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.<br />Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, Boeot. <b class="b3">καλϜος</b><br />Compounds: As 1. member rare (for <b class="b3">καλλι-</b>, <b class="b3">εὑ-</b>), e. g. <b class="b3">καλό-φυλλος</b> <b class="b2">with beautiful leaves</b> (Thphr.; after <b class="b3">μακρό-</b>, <b class="b3">λειό-φυλλος</b> etc.); as 2. member e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπειρό-καλος</b> <b class="b2">not knowing what is beautiful</b> (Pl.; from <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b>). Note esp. <b class="b3">καλοκἀγαθία</b> (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of <b class="b3">καλὸς κ(αὶ</b>) <b class="b3">ἀγαθός</b> (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">καλότης</b> [[beauty]] (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> n. [[beauty]] (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in <b class="b3">περι-καλλής</b> <b class="b2">very beautiful</b> (Il., bahuvrihi); from there <b class="b3">κάλλιμος</b> [[beautiful]] (Od., h. Hom.; after <b class="b3">κύδιμος</b>, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf <b class="b3">-ιμος</b> 10ff.), <b class="b3">καλλύνω</b> <b class="b2">give beauty, make beautiful, sweep</b> (S., Pl., Arist.) with <b class="b3">καλλυντής</b> [[sweeper]] (pap. IIa), <b class="b3">κάλλυντρον</b> [[broom]], also name of a shrub (Arist.), <b class="b3">κάλλυνθρον</b> [[duster]] (LXX, pap.), <b class="b3">καλλυντήρια</b> n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), <b class="b3">καλλύσματα</b> pl. [[dust]] (Keos). Fom <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> further <b class="b3">καλλονή</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. <b class="b3">ἡδονή</b>), <b class="b3">καλλοσύνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E.). - 2. compar. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> (Il.); from there <b class="b3">καλλιόομαι</b> <b class="b2">be made more beautiful</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">καλλιστεύω</b>, <b class="b3">-ομαι</b> <b class="b2">be the most beautiful</b> (Ion.) with <b class="b3">καλλιστεῖον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίστευμα</b> <b class="b2">sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour</b> (S., E., inscr.). - 3. <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> as 1. member (Il.); e. g. <b class="b3">καλλι-γύναικ-α</b>, <b class="b3">-ος</b>, <b class="b3">-ι</b> <b class="b2">with beutiful women</b> (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like <b class="b3">Καλλίας</b> etc.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: From Att. <b class="b3">καλός</b> and Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, both from <b class="b3">καλϜός</b> (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun <b class="b3">κάλλος</b>, the compar. forms <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> and the 1. member <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> (and <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>, cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> ?) proposed basis <b class="b3">*κάλ-νος</b> or <b class="b3">*κάλ-ι̯ος</b> (hardly to Skt. <b class="b2">kalya-</b>, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> too there is no good explanation. Beside <b class="b3">καλ-Ϝός</b> with old <b class="b2">u̯o-</b>suffix one would expect as 1. member <b class="b3">καλι-</b> (retained in <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. <b class="b2">kaly-ā́ṇa-</b> [[beautiful]] (prop. <b class="b2">with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος</b>?; cf. on <b class="b3">ὠλένη</b>); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. <b class="b2">kalyaḥ</b>1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 <b class="b3">καλλ-</b> would come from antevocalic <b class="b3">*καλ</b>ι̯-, from where <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> and as backformation <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a : <b class="b3">-λλ-</b> from a comparative <b class="b3">*κάλλων</b> < <b class="b3">*καλι̯ων</b>, from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. <b class="b3">*κάλλον</b> < <b class="b3">*κάλι̯ον</b> was considered as positive and resulted in <b class="b3">κάλλιον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. <b class="b2">kalyā́ṇa-</b>, with ep. class. <b class="b2">kalya-</b> [[robust]], [[prepared]]. The Germanic words, ONo. <b class="b2">hǫldr</b> and OHG [[helid]] [[warrior]], [[Held]] must be kept separated. | |etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[good]] (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.<br />Other forms: Primary comp. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (Alc. ntr. <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [s. below], El. <b class="b3">καλιτερος</b> [graphic?], rarely <b class="b3">καλώτερος</b>, <b class="b3">καλλιώτερος</b>), <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) <b class="b3">καλλά</b>; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.<br />Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, Boeot. <b class="b3">καλϜος</b><br />Compounds: As 1. member rare (for <b class="b3">καλλι-</b>, <b class="b3">εὑ-</b>), e. g. <b class="b3">καλό-φυλλος</b> <b class="b2">with beautiful leaves</b> (Thphr.; after <b class="b3">μακρό-</b>, <b class="b3">λειό-φυλλος</b> etc.); as 2. member e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπειρό-καλος</b> <b class="b2">not knowing what is beautiful</b> (Pl.; from <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b>). Note esp. <b class="b3">καλοκἀγαθία</b> (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of <b class="b3">καλὸς κ(αὶ</b>) <b class="b3">ἀγαθός</b> (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">καλότης</b> [[beauty]] (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> n. [[beauty]] (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in <b class="b3">περι-καλλής</b> <b class="b2">very beautiful</b> (Il., bahuvrihi); from there <b class="b3">κάλλιμος</b> [[beautiful]] (Od., h. Hom.; after <b class="b3">κύδιμος</b>, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf <b class="b3">-ιμος</b> 10ff.), <b class="b3">καλλύνω</b> <b class="b2">give beauty, make beautiful, sweep</b> (S., Pl., Arist.) with <b class="b3">καλλυντής</b> [[sweeper]] (pap. IIa), <b class="b3">κάλλυντρον</b> [[broom]], also name of a shrub (Arist.), <b class="b3">κάλλυνθρον</b> [[duster]] (LXX, pap.), <b class="b3">καλλυντήρια</b> n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), <b class="b3">καλλύσματα</b> pl. [[dust]] (Keos). Fom <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> further <b class="b3">καλλονή</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. <b class="b3">ἡδονή</b>), <b class="b3">καλλοσύνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E.). - 2. compar. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> (Il.); from there <b class="b3">καλλιόομαι</b> <b class="b2">be made more beautiful</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">καλλιστεύω</b>, <b class="b3">-ομαι</b> <b class="b2">be the most beautiful</b> (Ion.) with <b class="b3">καλλιστεῖον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίστευμα</b> <b class="b2">sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour</b> (S., E., inscr.). - 3. <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> as 1. member (Il.); e. g. <b class="b3">καλλι-γύναικ-α</b>, <b class="b3">-ος</b>, <b class="b3">-ι</b> <b class="b2">with beutiful women</b> (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like <b class="b3">Καλλίας</b> etc.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: From Att. <b class="b3">καλός</b> and Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, both from <b class="b3">καλϜός</b> (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun <b class="b3">κάλλος</b>, the compar. forms <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> and the 1. member <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> (and <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>, cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> ?) proposed basis <b class="b3">*κάλ-νος</b> or <b class="b3">*κάλ-ι̯ος</b> (hardly to Skt. <b class="b2">kalya-</b>, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> too there is no good explanation. Beside <b class="b3">καλ-Ϝός</b> with old <b class="b2">u̯o-</b>suffix one would expect as 1. member <b class="b3">καλι-</b> (retained in <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. <b class="b2">kaly-ā́ṇa-</b> [[beautiful]] (prop. <b class="b2">with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος</b>?; cf. on <b class="b3">ὠλένη</b>); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. <b class="b2">kalyaḥ</b>1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 <b class="b3">καλλ-</b> would come from antevocalic <b class="b3">*καλ</b>ι̯-, from where <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> and as backformation <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a : <b class="b3">-λλ-</b> from a comparative <b class="b3">*κάλλων</b> < <b class="b3">*καλι̯ων</b>, from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. <b class="b3">*κάλλον</b> < <b class="b3">*κάλι̯ον</b> was considered as positive and resulted in <b class="b3">κάλλιον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. <b class="b2">kalyā́ṇa-</b>, with ep. class. <b class="b2">kalya-</b> [[robust]], [[prepared]]. The Germanic words, ONo. <b class="b2">hǫldr</b> and OHG [[helid]] [[warrior]], [[Held]] must be kept separated. | ||
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{{mdlsj | |||
|mdlsjtxt=![[καλός]], ή, όν<br /><b class="num">I.</b> [[beautiful]], beauteous, [[fair]], Lat. [[pulcher]], of [[outward]] [[form]], Hom., etc.; καλὸς [[δέμας]] [[beautiful]] of [[form]], Od.; so, [[εἶδος]] [[κάλλιστος]] Xen.; καλὸς τὸ [[σῶμα]] Xen.; c. inf., κ. [[εἰσοράασθαι]] Hom.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> τὸ [[καλόν]], like [[κάλλος]], [[beauty]], Eur., etc.: τὰ [[καλά]] the decencies, proprieties, elegancies of [[life]], Hdt., etc.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> in [[reference]] to use, [[beautiful]], [[fair]], [[good]], κ. [[λιμήν]] Od.; καλὸς εἴς τι Xen.; πρός τι Plat.; c. inf., [[κάλλιστος]] τρέχειν Xen.;—esp. in the foll. phrases, ἐν καλῷ [τόπῳ] in a [[good]] [[place]], Thuc.; ἐν καλῷ τοῦ κόλπου, τῆς πόλεως Xen.; ἐν κ. (sub. χρόνῳ), in [[good]] [[time]], in [[season]], Eur.:—so, [[καλόν]] ἐστι, c. inf., Soph.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> of sacrifices, [[good]], [[auspicious]], Aesch., etc.<br /><b class="num">III.</b> in [[moral]] [[sense]], [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[καλόν]] [ἐστι] c. inf., Hom., etc.; καλὰ ἔργματα [[noble]] deeds, Pind., etc.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> τὸ [[καλόν]] [[moral]] [[beauty]], [[virtue]], opp. to τὸ αἰσχρόν ([[Cicero]]'s [[honestum]] and [[turpe]]), Xen., Plat.<br /><b class="num">IV.</b> in [[attic]] not [[seldom]] [[ironically]], like Lat. [[praeclarus]], [[admirable]], [[specious]], [[fair]], κ. γὰρ οὑμὸς [[βίοτος]], [[ὥστε]] θαυμάσαι Soph.; μετ' ὀνομάτων [[καλῶν]] Thuc.<br />B. Degrees of comp.: comp. [[καλλίων]] ([[short]] ι) ον, Sup. [[κάλλιστος]], η, ον, Hom., etc.<br />C. adv.:— [[καλόν]] as adv., καλὸν ἀείδειν, etc., Hom.; so [[καλά]] Il.; τὸ [[καλόν]] Theocr.<br /><b class="num">II.</b> regul. adv. [[καλῶς]], [[mostly]] in [[moral]] [[sense]], well, [[rightly]], Od.; [[καλῶς]] ζῆν, τεθνηκέναι, etc., Soph., etc.; οὐ [[καλῶς]] ταρβεῖς Soph.; often in [[phrase]] [[καλῶς]] καὶ εὖ, [[καλῶς]] τε καὶ εὖ Plat.<br /><b class="num">2.</b> of [[good]] [[fortune]], well, [[happily]], κ. πράσσειν = εὖ πρ. to [[fare]] well, Aesch., etc.; κ. ἔχειν to be well, Aesch.; κ. [[ἔχει]], c. inf., 'tis well to . . , Xen.<br /><b class="num">3.</b> [[καλῶς]] = [[πάνυ]], [[right]] well, κ. [[ἔξοιδα]] Soph.; so in comp., [[κάλλιον]] [[εἰδέναι]] Plat.; and in Sup. [[κάλλιστα]], Soph., etc.<br /><b class="num">4.</b> κ. ποιῶν, as adv., [[rightly]], [[deservedly]], Lat. [[merito]], κ. ποιῶν ἀπόλλυται Ar.<br /><b class="num">5.</b> in answers, to [[approve]] the words of the [[former]] [[speaker]], well said! Lat. [[euge]], Eur., Dem.:—but, also, to [[decline]] an [[offer]] [[courteously]] or [[ironically]], [[thank]] you! Lat. [[benigne]], Ar.; and in Sup., κάλλιστ', ἐπαινῶ Ar.<br /><b class="num">6.</b> [[ironically]], [[finely]], Lat. [[belle]], Soph., Eur.<br />D. Quantity: ᾱ in epic Poets: ᾰ in [[attic]]: in [[later]] Poets ᾰ or ᾱ, as the [[verse]] requires. | |||
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