κακός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ή, όν, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">bad</b>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> of persons, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of appearance, <b class="b2">ugly</b>, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός <span class="bibl">Il.10.316</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Paus.8.49.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of birth, <b class="b2">ill-born, mean</b>, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων... ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν <span class="bibl">Od.4.64</span>; Ζεὺς δ' αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον . . ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι <span class="bibl">6.189</span>; οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν <span class="bibl">22.415</span>; οὐδ' ἐὰν . . φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1063</span>; <b class="b3">κακός τ' ὢν κἀκ κακῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">1397</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of courage, <b class="b2">craven, base</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.365</span>, <span class="bibl">6.489</span>; <b class="b3">κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ</b> (called <b class="b3">δειλὸς ἀνήρ</b> in the line above) <span class="bibl">13.279</span>; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει <span class="bibl">8.153</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.3.375</span>; κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα <span class="bibl">10.301</span>; οἵτινες . . ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ <span class="bibl">Hdt.6.14</span>; κ. καὶ ἄθυμος <span class="bibl">Id.7.11</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδαμῶν κακίονες</b> ib.<span class="bibl">104</span>; κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1306</span>; κακή τ' ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>264</span>; οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.31</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">bad</b> of his kind, i. e. <b class="b2">worthless, sorry, unskilled</b>, ἡνίοχοι <span class="bibl">Il. 17.487</span>; [<b class="b3">τοξότης</b>] <b class="b3">ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός</b> ib.<span class="bibl">632</span>; νομῆες <span class="bibl">Od.17.246</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἀλήτης</b> a <b class="b2">bad</b> beggar, ib.<span class="bibl">578</span>; ἰατρός <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>473</span>; <b class="b3">κυβερνήτης, ναύτης</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 880</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Andr.</span>457</span>; μάγειρος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>265e</span>: c. acc. modi, <b class="b3">πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι</b> I am not <b class="b2">bad</b> in all things, <span class="bibl">Od.8.214</span>; κ. γνώμην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>910</span>: also c. dat., κακοὶ γνώμαισι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>964</span>: c. inf., κ. μανθάνειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>545</span>; [<b class="b3">νῆσος</b>] φυτεύεσθαι κακή <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>393; cf. 11. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in moral sense, <b class="b2">base, evil</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.11.384</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>240</span>; opp. <b class="b3">Χρηστός</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>520</span>; ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>334</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>984</span>; πλεῖστον κάκιστος <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>744</span>; κ. πρός τινας <span class="bibl">Th.1.86</span>; εἰς φίλους <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>424</span> codd.; περὶ τὰ Χρήματα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Clit.</span> 407c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">wretched</b>, <span class="bibl">Herod.3.42</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of things, <b class="b2">evil, pernicious</b>, freq. in Hom., etc., as <b class="b3">δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.10.64</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.3.173</span>, <span class="bibl">13.602</span>, <span class="bibl">1.418</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.316</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.10</span>, <span class="bibl">2.723</span>, <span class="bibl">22.94</span>, <span class="bibl">5.766</span>; <b class="b3">Χόλος, ἔρις</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.16.206</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.3.161</span>; <b class="b3">πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.4.82</span>, <span class="bibl">24.767</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.2.67</span>, al.; <b class="b3">ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.9.251</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.109</span>; of omens and the like, <b class="b2">unlucky</b>, <b class="b3">ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.219</span>, <span class="bibl">10.496</span>, <span class="bibl">22.30</span>: also in Trag., <b class="b3">κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>328</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>354</span>, <span class="bibl">369</span>, etc.; of words, <b class="b2">abusive, foul</b>, κ. λόγοι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>259</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>461</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ποιμήν</b>, i.e. the storm, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>657</span>: Astrol., <b class="b2">unlucky</b>, τόποι <span class="bibl">Heph.Astr.1.12</span>; <b class="b3">κ. τύχη</b>, name for the sixth region, Paul.Al.<span class="title">M.</span>1. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> <b class="b3">κακόν, τό</b>, and <b class="b3">κακά, τά</b>, as Subst., <b class="b2">evil, ill</b>, δίδου δ' ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε <span class="bibl">Od.8.63</span>; ἀθάνατον κακόν <span class="bibl">12.118</span>; ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.65</span>; so <b class="b3">κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.76</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">I.</span>8(7).8</span>; <b class="b3">ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>862</span>, <span class="bibl">1102</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>447</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κακὸν ἥκει τινί</b> there's <b class="b2">trouble</b> in store for some one, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>552</span>; <b class="b3">δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν</b> the least of two <b class="b2">evils</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>640</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>496</span>; <b class="b3">κακῶν Ἰλιάς</b>, v. [[Ἰλιάς; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά]] to do <b class="b2">harm</b> or <b class="b2">ill</b> to any one, <span class="bibl">Il.2.195</span>, etc.; πολλὰ κάκ' ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει <span class="bibl">Od.14.289</span>; <b class="b3">κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.2.304</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>265</span>; <b class="b3">κακόν τι</b> (or <b class="b3">κακὰ</b>) <b class="b3"> ποιεῖν τινα</b> (v. <b class="b3">δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι</b>) <b class="b3">; κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος</b> to suffer <b class="b2">evil</b> from one, <span class="bibl">Th.8.48</span>, etc.: in Trag. freq. repeated, <b class="b3">κακὰ κακῶν</b>, = [[τὰ κάκιστα]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1238</span> (lyr.); εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>1365</span> (lyr.); δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>595</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>1281</span>; δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 1041</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">κακά, τά</b>, <b class="b2">evil words, reproaches</b>, πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.61</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>571</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1244</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>382</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Philos., <b class="b3">κακόν, τό</b>, <b class="b2">Evil</b>, Stoic.3.18, al., <span class="bibl">Plot.1.8.1</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> of a person, <b class="b2">pest, nuisance</b>, τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>931</span>; also, comically, <b class="b3">ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων</b> what a <b class="b2">devil</b> of a lot of birds, ib.<span class="bibl">294</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> degrees of Comparison: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> regul. Comp. in Ep., κακώτερος <span class="bibl">Od.6.275</span>, <span class="bibl">15.343</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.27.22</span>, <span class="bibl">A.R.3.421</span>, etc.: also in late Prose, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.3.62</span>: irreg. <b class="b3">κακίων, ον</b> [with ῐ], <span class="bibl">Od.2.277</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.262</span>, etc., with ῑ in Trag., exc. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>546</span> (anap.); κακῑότερος <span class="title">AP</span>12.7 (Strato). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Sup. κάκιστος Hom., etc.--Cf. also <b class="b3">Χείρων, Χείριστος</b>, and <b class="b3">ἥσσων, ἥκιστος</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">D</span> Adv. <b class="b3">κακῶς</b> <b class="b2">ill</b>, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς <span class="bibl">Il.2.253</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα</b> to treat one <b class="b2">ill</b>; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τι</b> to hurt, damage a thing; <b class="b3">κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι</b> to do one any evil or harm; <b class="b3">κ. πράσσειν</b> to fare <b class="b2">ill</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>266</span>, etc.; κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν <span class="bibl">And.4.11</span>; κ. ἔχειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>58</span>, etc.; of illness, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>4.24</span>; rarely κακῶς πάσχειν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>759</span>, <span class="bibl">1041</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>; κ. ὄλοισθε <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1035</span>, etc.; with play on two senses, ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ <span class="bibl">Philem.Jun.2</span>; <b class="b3">κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν</b>, <span class="bibl">Mimn.7.4</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>503</span>; <b class="b3">κ. εἰδότες</b>, = [[ἀγνοοῦντες]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.3.13</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.8.32</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hyp.<span class="title">Eux.</span>33</span>; <b class="b3">κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα</b> I have <b class="b2">barely</b> escaped, <span class="bibl">D.21.126</span>: Comp. κάκιον <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.109</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>428</span>, And.l.c., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Mx.</span>236a</span>, etc.: Sup. κάκιστα <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Ra.</span>1456</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span>2</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>420b</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> Adv. and Adj. freq. coupled in Trag., Att., etc., κακὸν κακῶς νιν . . ἐκτρῖψαι βίον <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>248</span>; κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>446</span> (troch.); ἀπό σ' ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eq.</span>189</span>, <span class="bibl">190</span>, <span class="bibl">D.32.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Procop.<span class="title">Pers.</span>1.24</span>; κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>21.41</span>; κακοὺς κάκιστα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>839</span>; in reversed order, ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1055</span>; with intervening words, κακῶς . . ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1369</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>268</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>2</span>. (Perh. cogn. with Avest. <b class="b2">kasu-</b>, Comp. <b class="b2">kasyah-</b>, Sup. <b class="b2">kasišta-</b> 'small', Lith. <b class="b2">nukašëti</b> 'grow feeble, thin', Germ. <b class="b2">hager</b>.) </span>