ἄκρος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=α, ον, (on the Root <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> v. [[ἀκή]] A) <b class="b2">at the farthest point</b> or [[end]], hence either [[topmost]], [[outermost]], or [[inmost]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[highest]], [[topmost]], ἀκροτάτῃ κορυφῇ <span class="bibl">Il.1.499</span>, al.; <b class="b3">ἐν πόλει ἄκρῃ</b>, = [[ἐν ἀκροπόλει]], <span class="bibl">Il.6.88</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">257</span>; ἄκρῳ Ὀλύμπῳ <span class="bibl">13.523</span>; ἀνὰ Γαργάρῳ ἄκρῳ <span class="bibl">14.352</span>; <b class="b3">λάψοντες . . μέλαν ὕδωρ ἄκρον</b> <b class="b2">at its surface</b>, <span class="bibl">16.162</span>; <b class="b3">ἄκρον ῥινόν</b> <b class="b2">surface of</b> skin, <span class="bibl">Od.22.278</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἄκρων ὀρέων</b> o mountain [[tops]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1106</span>: Sup. ἀκρότατος, ὔσδος Sapph.93.2; <b class="b3">ὀρόφοισι</b> Orac. ap. <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.140</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[outermost]], <b class="b3">πεδίον ἐπ' ἄκρον</b> to the <b class="b2">farthest edge</b> of the plain, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span> 1197</span>; <b class="b3">κατ' ἄκρας σπιλάδος</b> from the [[surface]] of a stone, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Tr.</span>678</span>; esp. of [[extremities]] of body, <b class="b3">ἄ. χείρ, πόδες, ὦμος</b>, [[end]] of hand, [[ends]] of feet, [[tip]] of shoulder, <span class="bibl">Il.5.336</span>, <span class="bibl">16.640</span>, <span class="bibl">17.599</span>; ἄκρων χειρῶν καὶ ποδῶν <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.119</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.2.49</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span> 183b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>76e</span>; but <b class="b3">τὸ ἄ. τῆς χειρός, τοῦ ποδός</b>, <b class="b2">thumb, great toe</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ex.</span>29.20</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Le.</span>18.22</span>; γλῶσσαν ἄκραν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span> 238</span>; <b class="b3">πίτυν ἄκρας τῆς κόμης καθέλκων</b> by the [[top]] of the crown, <span class="bibl">Cratin. 296</span>:—<b class="b3">ἐπ' ἄκρων [δακτύλων</b>] on [[tiptoe]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span> 1230</span>, ubi v. Sch.; comically, <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἄκρων πυγιδίων</b> on <b class="b2">tip-tail</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>638</span>; ἐν ἄκροισι βὰς ποσί <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1166</span>; παρ' ἄκρας τρίχας <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Or.</span> 128</span>; ἀκροτάτοις χείλεσι <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span> 547.8:—<b class="b3">οὐκ ἀπ' ἄκρας φρενός</b> not from the <b class="b2">outside of</b> the heart, i.e. from the in mostheart, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>805</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span> 242</span>; <b class="b3">ἄκροισι λαίφους κρασπέδοις</b> with <b class="b2">mere edges of</b> sail, i.e. under <b class="b2">close-reejed</b> sails, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Med.</span>524</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>999</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> Geom., of the [[extremity]] of a line, ἡ ἐπ' ἄκραν τὴν ἀποληφθεῖσαν ἀγομένη Apollon. Perg.<span class="title">Con.</span> 4.8: Math., of [[extremes]] in a proportion, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>36a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">εἰς ἄκρον καὶ μέσον λόγον τέμνειν</b> cut in [[extreme]]and mean ratio, <span class="bibl">Euc.6.30</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">5</span> <span class="title">Def.</span>17. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> in Tactics, <b class="b3">ἄκροι, οἱ</b>, <b class="b2">flank men</b>, Ascl.<span class="title">Tact.</span>1.3, cf. 7.6. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[inmost]], μυελός <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 255</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of Time, <b class="b3">ἄκρᾳ σὺν ἑσπέρᾳ</b> on the [[edge]] of evening. i.e. at [[nightfall]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span> 11.10</span>, cf. ἄκρῃ νυκτί <span class="bibl">Arat.775</span>; <b class="b3">ἄκρου τοῦ ἔαρος</b> at [[beginning]] of spring, <span class="title">IPE</span>12.352.29 (Cherson., ii B. C.); but usu. denoting completeness, <b class="b3">ἄκρου τοῦ θέρεος</b> at [[mid]]-summer, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Aph.</span>3.18</span>; χειμῶνος ἄκρω <span class="bibl">Theoc. 11.37</span>; <b class="b3">ἄκρας νυκτός</b> at [[dead]] of night, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>285</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> of Degree, [[highest]] in its kind, [[consummate]], </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> of persons, <span class="bibl">Hdt. 5.112</span>, <span class="bibl">6.122</span>; τοξότης ἄ. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>628</span>; <b class="b3">θεσφάτων γνώμων ἄ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">1130</span>; μάντις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1499</span>; ἰατροί <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Lib.</span>p.67</span> O.; οἱ πάντῃ ἄ., οἱ ἀκρότατοι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>148c</span>; of any extremes, opp. τὰ μεταξύ, τοῖς ἄ. τὰ ἄ. ἀποδιδόναι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>478e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>90a</span>; of classes in a state, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1296b39</span>: in moral sense, both good and bad, ἐπιδικάζονται οἱ ἄ. τῆς μέσης χώρας <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">EN</span>1107b31</span>; <b class="b3">αἱ ἄ. [διαθέσεις</b>] ib.<span class="bibl">1108b14</span>, cf. ἄκρον <span class="bibl">11.1</span>:—c. acc. modi, <b class="b3">ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄ</b>. not [[strong]] of mind, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.124</span>; ἄ. τὰ πολέμια <span class="bibl">7.111</span>; <b class="b3">ἄ. ὀργήν</b> [[quick]] to anger, [[passionate]], <span class="bibl">1.73</span>; Εὐρώπη ἀρετὴν ἄκρη <span class="bibl">7.5</span>: c.gen., οἱ ἄ. τῆς ποιήσεως <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>152e</span>; ἄ. εἰς φιλοσοφίαν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>499c</span>; περὶ ὁπλομαχίαν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>833e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of things, [[highest]], [[extreme]], συμφορά <span class="bibl">Alex. 222.4</span> (cj. Dobree); νηστεία <span class="bibl">Diph.54</span>: Sup., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>45a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> as Subst., v. [[ἄκρα, ἄκρον]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> neut. as Adv., <b class="b2">on the top</b> or [[surface]], ἄκρον ἐπὶ ῥηγμῖνος <span class="bibl">Il.20.229</span>; ἄκρα δ' ἐπ' αὐτᾶς βαθμῖδος <span class="title">AP</span>7.428.3 (Mel.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> reg. Adv. <b class="b3">ἄκρως, ἀνεστάλθαι</b> to be turned up <b class="b2">at the point</b>, Hp.<span class="title">Mochl.</span>24. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> [[utterly]], [[perfectly]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>543a</span>, <span class="bibl">Hegesand. 4</span>; μόνος ἄκρως <span class="bibl">Euphro 1.5</span>; <b class="b3">σχῆμα ἄ. στρογγύλον</b> [[absolutely]] round, Hero <b class="b2">*Deff</b>.76. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> [[skilfully]], <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Lib.</span>p.27</span> O.</span>

|etymtx=-α, -ον<br />Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">at the farthest point, topmost, outermost</b> (Il.). Old <b class="b3">ἄκρα</b> f., <b class="b3">ἄκρον</b> n. <b class="b2">highest or farthest point, headland, cape</b>; Hom. <b class="b3">κατ</b>' <b class="b3">ἄκρης</b> (<b class="b3">πόλιος</b>) <b class="b2">from the highest point down</b> hence [[completely]], [[utterly]], also <b class="b3">κατ</b>' <b class="b3">ἄκρηθεν</b> (which became <b class="b3">κατὰ κρῆθεν</b> through association with <b class="b3">κάρα</b>), s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56ff.<br />Compounds: <b class="b3">ἀκρόπολις</b> (Od.; the Iliad still has <b class="b3">ἄκρη πόλις</b>, Frisk IF 52, 282ff., Risch IF 59, 20); <b class="b3">ἀκραής</b> often interpreted as <b class="b2">blowing vehemently</b>, but prob. orig.`blowing on\/from the heights'.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἄκρις</b>, <b class="b3">-ιος</b> f. <b class="b2">hill-top, mountain peak</b> (Od.), always pl.; s. on [[ὄκρις]]. <b class="b3">ἀκραῖος</b> <b class="b2">dwelling on heights</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [18] <b class="b2">*h₂eḱ-</b> <b class="b2">sharp, pointed; stone (?)</b><br />Etymology: The root <b class="b2">*h₂eḱ-</b> is widespread in IE, and ther are several <b class="b2">r-</b>derivatives: Skt. <b class="b2">áśri-</b> f. <b class="b2">corner, sharp side</b>, <b class="b2">catur-aśra-</b> [[quadrangular]], Lat. [[ācer]], <b class="b2">-ris</b>, <b class="b2">-re</b> (with unexplained length), W. PN [[Aχrotalus]] <b class="b2">with high forehead</b>, OIr. [[ér]] [[high]], OLith. [[aštras]], OCS [[ostrъ]] [[sharp]]. (For <b class="b2">akro-</b> in Illyrian s. Krahe Pannonia 1937, 310 n. 40, Karg WuS NF. 4, 183.) - Heth. [[ḫekur]] <b class="b2">rock(point)</b> is unrelated. - See further <b class="b3">ἀκη</b>, [[ἀκμή]] and [[ὄκρις]]. Connection with the root <b class="b2">*h₂eḱ-</b> was often unjustly assumed by modern scholarship, see e.g. [[ἀκαλήφη]], <b class="b3">ἀκόστη</b>, [[ἄκορνα]], <b class="b3">ἀκριβής</b>.