γάρ: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(γε, ἄρα), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles. <span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> introducing the reason or cause of what precedes, [[for]], τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. Δαναῶν <span class="bibl">Il.1.56</span>, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα… τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον <span class="bibl">2.118</span>, etc.: hence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει <span class="bibl">8.148</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.2.163</span>; <b class="b3">ὃ δὲ δεινότατον… ὁ Ζεὺς γ</b>.… <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>514</span>; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούς <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sull.</span>31</span>; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, <b class="b3">μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένης</b>… <span class="bibl">Th.1.8</span>; <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.2.39</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.20.10</span>, etc.; in full, <b class="b3">τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ</b>.… <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.58</span>; <b class="b3">παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ</b>.… <span class="bibl">Th.1.2</span>; <b class="b3">δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ</b>.… ib.<span class="bibl">3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, <b class="b3">ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα</b>… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>5.6.6</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial, <b class="b2">yes,... no,…</b>, <b class="b3">οὔκουν… ἀνάγκη ἐστί;—ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη</b>, <b class="b2">ay doubtless</b> it is necessary, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>2.1.7</span>, cf. § <span class="bibl">4</span> and <span class="bibl">13</span>; indicating assent, ἔχει γ. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>268a</span>; <b class="b3">ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>502b</span>, <span class="bibl">502c</span>,cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ap.</span>41a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.—οὐ γ</b>.: <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>276c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> by inversion, preceding the fact explained, [[since]], [[as]], Ἀτρεΐδη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί… τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι <span class="bibl">Il.7.328</span>; <b class="b3">χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος</b> (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶς) <b class="b3"> ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι…</b> (ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.) <b class="b3">, ποίει ὅκως</b>… <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.8</span>. cf. <span class="bibl">6.102</span>, al.; <b class="b3">εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν</b>; <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>117a</span>; the principal proposition is sts. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> blended with the causal one, <b class="b3">τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">ἡ δέ</b> (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 9.109</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.24</span>, <span class="bibl">4.149</span>, <span class="bibl">200</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.72</span>, <span class="bibl">8.30</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, <b class="b3">οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν</b>, i.e. <b class="b3">οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν</b>... <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>255</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> repeated, <b class="b3">οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ</b>.… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>980</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>659</span> sq., <span class="bibl">1255</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> in elliptical phrases, where that of which <b class="b3">γάρ</b> gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">a</span> freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when [[yes]] or [[no]] may be supplied from the context, <b class="b3">καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;—οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε</b> [yes], [[for]] it was not Zeus, etc., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>450</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OT</span>102</span>, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαι <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Smp.</span>194a</span>; freq. in phrase <b class="b3">ἔστι γ. οὕτω</b> [yes], [[for]] so it is, i. e. yes certainly: <b class="b3">λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ</b>… ; [why,] could there be… ? <span class="bibl">D.4.10</span>; with negs., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>262</span> <b class="b3">τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε</b> [do so], [[yet]] shall ye never prevail by this means: for <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γ</b>., v. infr.<span class="bibl">11.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> to confirm or strengthen something said, <b class="b3">οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται</b> [I say this], [[for]] it will sting thee, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Med.</span>1370</span>: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματα <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>168</span> (lyr.), cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>857</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted, [[else]], <b class="b3">οὐ γ. ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν</b> (sc. <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευον</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.6.33</span>; <b class="b3">γίνεται γ. ἡ κοινωνία συμμαχία</b> <b class="b2">for in that case</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1280b8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> in abrupt questions, [[why]], [[what]], <b class="b3">τίς γ. σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν</b>; [[why]] who hath sent thee? <span class="bibl">Il.18.182</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς γ. νῦν… εὕδουσι</b>; <span class="bibl">10.424</span>; <b class="b3">πατροκτονοῦσα γ. ξυνοικήσεις ἐμοί</b>; [[what]], wilt thou… ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>909</span>: generally, after interrog. Particles, <b class="b3">ἦ γ</b>.… ; [[what]], was it… ? <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1000</span>,<span class="bibl">1039</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γ</b>.; <b class="b2">quid enim</b>? i. e. it must be so, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>539</span>,<span class="bibl">542</span>,<span class="bibl">547</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τί γ. δή ποτε</b>; <span class="bibl">D.21.44</span>; also <b class="b3">πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ</b>;, v. [[πῶς]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> to strengthen a wish, c. opt., <b class="b3">κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιο</b> <span class="title">O</span> that you might perish ! <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>261</span>; cf. <b class="b3">αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶς</b>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> joined with other Particles: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γ</b>. where <b class="b3">γάρ</b> gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between <b class="b3">ἀλλά</b> and itself, as <b class="b3">ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ</b>… but [<b class="b2">far otherwise], for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.15.739</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἥκουσ' αἵδ' ἐπὶ πρᾶγος πικρόν</b> but [<b class="b2">hush], for</b>... <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>861</span>; <b class="b3">ἀλλ' οὐ γ. σ' ἐθέλω</b>… but [<b class="b2">look out] for</b>... <span class="bibl">Il.7.242</span>; in full, ἀλλ' οὐ γάρ σφιν ἐφαίνετο κέρδιον εἶναι μαίεσθαι προτέρω, τοὶ μὲν πάλιν αὖτις ἔβαινον <span class="bibl">Od.14.355</span>; ἀλλ', οὐ γ. ἔπειθε, διδοῖ τὸ φᾶρος <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.109</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">γ. ἄρα</b> [[for]] indeed, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>315d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>205b</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">γ. δή</b> [[for]] of course, [[for]] you know, <span class="bibl">Il.2.301</span>,<span class="bibl">23.607</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.34</span>, <span class="bibl">114</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">φάμεν γ. δή</b> [[yes]] certainly we say so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>187e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">164d</span>; οὐ γ. δή <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>46</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> γ. νυ <span class="bibl">Od.14.359</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">γ. οὖν</b> [[for]] indeed, to confirm or explain, <span class="bibl">Il.15.232</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.34</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>489</span>,<span class="bibl">771</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">φησὶ γ. οὖν</b> [[yes]] of course he says so, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>170a</span>; γ. οὖν δή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prm.</span>148c</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οὐ γ. οὖν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">134b</span>; cf. [[τοιγαροῦν]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b3">γ. που</b> [[for]] I suppose, esp. with negs., <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>381c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>62d</span>, etc.; οὐ γ. δήπου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>309c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b3">γ. ῥα</b>, = [[γὰρ ἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Il.1.113</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">8</span> <b class="b3">γ. τε</b>, <span class="bibl">23.156</span>; also τε γ. <span class="bibl">D.19.159</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1333a2</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">9</span> <b class="b3">γ. τοι</b> [[for]] surely... <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>93</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Supp.</span>564</span>, etc.; οὐ γ. τοι <span class="bibl">Od.21.172</span>, etc.; cf. [[τοιγάρτοι]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: <b class="b3">γάρ</b> prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as <b class="b3">ὁ μὲν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>764</span>; <b class="b3">χἠ ναῦς γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ph.</span>527</span>; <b class="b3">τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1096</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>641</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">753</span>: also in Prose, <b class="b3">τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ</b>… <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">EN</span>1163b11</span>: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connection, as third (<span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>222.729</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>219</span> (all lyr.)), fourth (<span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1545</span>); in later Com. fifth (<span class="bibl">Men.462.2</span>); sixth (<span class="bibl">Antiph.26.22</span>); seventh (<span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>531</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pk.</span>170</span>, <span class="bibl">Athenio 1.5</span>); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμναν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1451</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> inserted before the demonstr. <b class="b3">-ί</b>, as <b class="b3">νυνγαρί</b> for <b class="b3">νυνὶ γάρ</b>; cf. [[νυνί]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">C</span> QUANTITY: <b class="b3">γάρ</b> is sts. long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλεν <span class="bibl">Il.2.39</span>; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>57</span>.—In Att. always short: <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>366</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">V.</span>217</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lys.</span>20</span> are corrupt.</span>

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-0474.png Seite 474]] (γὲ – ἄρα, vgl. die von den Alten angenommene Partikel τάρ u. τὲ ἄρα, z. B. Iliad. 1, 8 [[τίς]] τάρ σφωε θεῶν ξυνέηκε statt τ' ἄρ, Lehrs Quaestt. epp. p. 131 sq); von Hom. an die gebräuchlichste Causalpartikel, die gew. einen Grund od. eine Ursache angiebt, auch eine Erläuterung od. Auseinandersetzung des Vorangegangenen einführt; – 1) [[denn]], zur Angabe der Ursache od. des Grundes sehr gew. Zu bemerken ist: a) der Grund mit γάρ steht dem zu begründenden Satze bisweilen voran, bes. in Anreden, Ἀτρείδη, πολλοὶ γὰρ τεθνᾶσι Ἀχαιοί, – · τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαι Il. 7, 328, Atride, denn. viele Ach. sind gestorben, darum, d. i. da viele Ach. gestorben sind, mußt du, od. du mußt, denn; Scholl. Aristonic. <b class="b2">πολλοὶ γάρ</b>: ἡ [[διπλῆ]], ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ γάρ αἰτιώδους εἰσέβαλεν ἀρχαϊκῶς; Iliad. 23, 627 οὐ γὰρ ἔτ' [[ἔμπεδα]] γυῖα, Scholl. Aristonic. ἡ [[διπλῆ]], ὅτι ἀπὸ τοῦ γάρ ἦρκται, τὸ αἰτιατικὸν προτάξας; vgl. 2, 803. 7, 73. 13, 736; Od. 10, 190 ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ τ' [[ἴδμεν]] ὅπῃ [[ζόφος]] οὐδ' ὅπῃ ἠώς, οὐδ' ὅπῃ [[ἠέλιος]] [[φαεσίμβροτος]] εἶσ' ὑπὸ γαῖαν οὐδ' ὅπῃ [[ἀννεῖται]]· ἀλλὰ φραζώμεθα [[θᾶσσον]] εἴ τις ἔτ' ἔσται [[μῆτις]]. ἐγὼ δ' οὐκ [[οἴομαι]] εἶναι; vor ὦ φίλοι 190 steht der unächte Vers 189 κέκλυτέ μευ μύθων, κακά περ πάσχοντες ἑταῖροι; über diesen Vers Scholl. Didym. [[κέκλυτε]]: Καλλίστρατός φησιν ὡς ὑπό τινος ὁ [[στίχος]] προτέτακται ἀγνοοῦντος τὸ Ὁμηρικὸν [[ἔθος]], ὡς θέλει ἄρχεσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ γάρ; vgl. 10, 174. 226. Eben so Flgde: Ζεῦ· τεαὶ γὰρ Ὁραι – ἀλλ', ὦ Κρόνου παῖ Pind. Ol. 4, 1; ὦ παῖ Καμβύσεω – σὲ γὰρ θεοὶ ἐπορέωσι – σὺ νῦν Her. 1, 124; bes. in Sätzen, die eine Aufforderung enthalten, wo der Grund davon vorausgeschickt wird. Auch in Parenthesen, wie [[εἶεν]] – σὺ γὰρ τούτων [[ἐπιστήμων]] – τίχρὴ ποιεῖν; Plat. Phaed. 117 b; καὶ ἐγὼ – ἔγνων γὰρ, ὅτι οὐκ ἤρεσεν – [[ἀλλά]] τοι, ἔφην Prot. 335 a; ἀκούσατε καὶ τάδε· ἐπὶ λείαν γὰρ ἐκπορεύσονται ὑμῶν τινες· [[οἴομαι]] οὖν βέλτιον εἶναι Xen. An. 5, 1, 8; so auch Sp.; vgl. Luc. Char. 10. – Bisweilen wird durch eine Art Attraction das Subject des zu begründenden Satzes in den begründenden aufgenommen, τῶν δὲ [[πᾶν]] γὰρ ἦν τὸ [[πλῆθος]] μεταίτιον, οὐκ ἐδέκοντο τοὺς λόγους, = οἱ δέ, [[πᾶν]] γάρ, oder τῶν δὲ [[πᾶν]] τὸ [[πλῆθος]], ἦν γάρ, Her. 4, 200; τῶν δὲ Ἀθηναίων ἔτυχε γὰρ [[πρεσβεία]] – παροῦσα, καὶ ὡς ᾔσθοντο τῶνλόγων, ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς Thuc. 1, 72. Aehnl. ist γάρ in den Bedingungssatz gestellt, wo der bedingte eigtl. der begründende ist, Soph. O. R. 255 οὐδ' εἰ γὰρ ἦν τὸ [[πρᾶγμα]] μὴ θεήλατον – εἰκὸς ἦν [[οὕτως]] ἐᾶν, für οὐδὲ γάρ, εἰ – b) oft fehlt der zu begründende Satz u. ist aus dem Zusammenhange zu ergänzen; γάρ entspricht dann gew. dem deutschen ja. Am häufigsten in Antworten, ἀλλὰ τίη μοι [[ταῦτα]] [[φίλος]] διελέξατο [[θυμός]]; [[οἶδα]] γάρ, ich weiß sa, Il. 11, 408; vgl. 17, 221; καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους; οὐ γάρ τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε Soph. Ant. 400, ja; denn Zeus war es nicht, der sie gebot, Zeus gebot sie ja nicht; u. so oft Plat. ἔστι γὰρ οὕτω, allerdings, so ists. Auch in Conditionalsätzen, οὐ γὰρ ἄν ποτε πρώταισιν ὑμῖν ἀντέκυρσα Soph. O. C. 98, sonst (wenn das nicht wäre) wäre ich ja nicht euch zuerst begegnet; so οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον [[πάλιν]] πρὸς ὑμᾶς Xen. An. 7, 6, 33; Cyr. 8, 2, 21. – Ferner in Einwendungen, τούτῳ γὰρ οὐ νικήσετε Ar. Ran. 255, damit freilich werdet ihr nichts ausrichten; vgl. Eur. Cycl. 585; ironisch, σὺ γὰρ ἐν ἀνδρὸς λόγῳ, ja freilich du, Her. 3, 120; συνῇδον γὰρ τοὺς Παιᾶνας Φιλίππῳ Aesch. 2, 162. – c) zuweilen enthält der mit γάρ eingeführte Satz nichtden eigentlichen Grund, sondern die Veranlassung zu dem vorangegangenen Ausspruch, οἵδ' οὐκέτ' [[εἰσί]]· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται, das wird dir doch wehe thun, Eur. Med. 1370; so bes. bei Dichtern öfter; ἰοὺ δύστηνε· τοῦτο γάρ σ' ἔχω μόνον προσειπεῖν Soph. O. R. 1071; vgl. 167; φρόνει νιν ὡς ἥξοντα, τοῦτο γὰρ λόγου πολλοῦ [[καλῶς]] λεχθέντος ἥδιστον κλύειν Tr. 288. – 2) [[nämlich]], zur Erklärung und Auseinandersetzung des Vorhergehenden, φράσαι [[θέλω]] σοι [[πρῶτα]] τἀμαυτοῦ· τὸ γὰρ πρᾶγμ' οὔτ' ἔδρασα Soph. Ant. 238; διδάξω σ'· ἢν γάρ O. R. 839. Bes. häufig in Sätzen, auf welche durch ein pron. od. adv. demonstr. hingewiesen wird; ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν [[ἄχος]] κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γάρ ποτε φήσει Il. 8, 148; [[πρίν]] μοι [[τύχη]] τοιάδ' ἐπέστη· ἀνὴρ γάρ Soph. O. R. 779; ὡδε δὲ γνώσῃ ὅτι τἀληθῆ [[λέγω]]· εὑρήσεις γάρ Plat. Prot. 349 d; ἐκ τῶνδε δὲ σκόπει· εἰγάρ Phaed. 67 e. So bei Rednern sehr gew. nach δῆλον δέ, φανερὸν δέ, [[τεκμήριον]] δέ, [[σημεῖον]] δέ. Aehnl. ὃ δὲ δεινότατον πάντων, ὁ Ζεὺς γάρ Ar. Av. 514; τὸ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον· οὓς γάρ Isocr. 8, 53. – 3) in der Frage: [[denn]], meist so, daß es causal zu fassen; Od. 10, 383 ὦ [[Κίρκη]], [[τίς]] γάρ κεν [[ἀνήρ]], ὃς [[ἐναίσιμος]] εἴη, πρὶν τλαίη πάσσασθαι ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος, πρὶν λύσασθ' ἑτάρους καὶ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδέσθαι, ich werde nicht essen, denn welcher Mann u. s. w.; vgl. 10, 501 [[τίς]] γάρ, 10, 337 πῶς γάρ, 15, 509 πῇ γάρ; Iliad. 18, 182. 10, 424. 1, 123. 10, 61. Dieser Sprachgebrauch ist im Wesentlichen nicht verschieden von dem unter 1 a betrachteten; das Eine ist nur die Frageform des Anderen; Scholl. Odyss. 10, 501 τ ίς γά ρ: ἀπὸ τοῦ γάρ ἤρξατο, aus Aristonic.; Scholl. Didym. zu Iliad. 18, 182 Ἶρι [[θεά]], [[τίς]] γάρ σε θεῶν ἐμοὶ ἄγγελον ἧκεν: ἡ ἑτέρα τῶν 'Ἀριστάρχου διὰ τοῦ τ, <b class="b2">[[τίς]] τάρ σε</b>. [[μήποτε]] δὲ [[ἀμείνων]] ἡ προτέρα, [[παρόσον]] σύνηθες Ὁμήρῳ ἀπὸ τοῦ γάρ ἄρχεσθαι, Häufig bes. Tragg. u. inatt. Prosa ἦ γάρ; οὐ γάρ; τί γὰρ ἄλλο; τί γὰρ οὔ; πῶς γὰρ οὔ; auch ohne diese Fragewörter, ποιμὴν γὰρ [[ἦσθα]]; warst du denn ein Hirt, d. i. du warst also ein Hirt? Soph. O. R. 1029; ὄλωλε γὰρ [[δύστηνος]]; O. C. 1579; δοκῶ γάρ σοι παίζειν; Plat. Phaedr. 234; d; οὐ γὰρ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτὸν [[οὗτος]] ὁ ἐμὸς [[πατήρ]] Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 38. Bes. macht τί γάρ oft einen Uebergang zu einer andern Frage; zuweilen geradezu: [[freilich]], [[allerdings]]; οὐ γὰρ μέμνημαι; Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 12, sollte ich mich denn nicht erinnern, d. i. freilich erinnere ich mich. Aehnl. in Wünschen u. Flüchen; so Hom. αἲ γάρ, εἰ γάρ, wenn denn doch; εἰ γάρ τοι Odyss. 17, 513; αἲ γάρ 19, 309; αἲ γὰρ δή Il. 4, 189 Od. 9, 523; κακῶς γὰρ ἐξόλοιο, daß dich denn doch der Henker hole, Eur. Cycl. 261; εἰ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ εἴη Plat. Prot. 310 d; εἰ γὰρ [[ὤφελον]] Rep. IV, 432 c. Auch in Befehlen, σὺ γάρ, ἔφη, [[πρῶτος]] ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ σου ποίησον δημοκρατίαν, ei, so richte du doch zuerst –, Plut. Lyc. 19. – Verbindungen mit anderen Partikeln, ἀλλὰ γάρ, s. [[ἀλλά]]; – καὶ γάρ, denn auch – ja, καὶ γάρ τε Iliad. 1, 63; – γὰρ ἄρα, nun denn ja, Plat. Prot. 315 c; – γὰρ δή, denn – einmal; ἐκ γὰρ δή μ' ἀπάτησε, denn er hat mich einmal betrogen, Il. 9, 375; auch: denn schon, denn nunmehr; γὰρ [[δήπου]], denn doch wohl; – γάρ νυ, denn ja, Od. 14, 359; γάρ νύ τοι Sp. Ep.; – γὰρ οὖν, denn freilich, allerdings, bei unbedenklichen Behauptungen, Il. 15, 232 u. sonst; – γάρ πο υ, denn wohl; – γάρ ῥα, denn ja, Hom.; – γάρ τοι, denn wahrlich, denn fürwahr, Hom. u. A.