δίκη: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[<b class="b3">ῐ], ἡ,</b> <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[custom]], [[usage]], <b class="b3">αὕτη δ. ἐστὶ βροτῶν</b> this is the [[way]] of mortals, <span class="bibl">Od.11.218</span>; ἡ γὰρ δ. ἐστὶ γερόντων <span class="bibl">24.255</span>, etc.; ἥ τ' ἐστὶ δ. θείων βασιλήων <span class="bibl">4.691</span>; ἡ γὰρ δμώων δ. ἐστίν <span class="bibl">14.59</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἡ γὰρ δ., ὁππότε</b>… this is always <b class="b2">the way</b>, when... <span class="bibl">19.168</span> (so in late Prose, ἥπερ ἱππομαχίας δ. <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">An.</span>3.15.2</span>); <b class="b3">δίκαν ἐφέπειν τινός</b> to imitate him, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.50</span>; <b class="b3">δ. ἐπέχειν τινός</b> to be [[like]]... <span class="bibl">Anon.Lond.6.18</span>; <b class="b2">normal course of nature</b>, ἐκ τουτέων ὁ θάνατος οὐ γίνεται κατά γε δίκην, οὐδ' ἢν γένηται <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">VC</span>3</span>: hence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> adverb. in acc. <b class="b3">δίκην</b>, <b class="b2">in the way of, after the manner of</b>, c. gen., λύκοιο <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.84</span>; πώλου <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Fr.</span>659</span>; τοξότου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>705e</span>; in later Prose, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mu.</span>395b22</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc. <span class="title">Dem.Enc.</span>31</span>, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.1.6</span>, etc.: mostly of living creatures or persons, but also of things, as <b class="b3">δίκην ὕδατος, ἀγγείου</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>85</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phdr.</span>235d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[order]], [[right]], <b class="b3">μή τι δίκης ἐπιδευές</b> nothing short of <b class="b2">what is fit</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.19.180</span>; opp. <b class="b3">βία</b>, might, <span class="bibl">16.388</span>; opp. <b class="b3">σχέτλια ἔργα</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.14.84</span>; personified, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>902</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>662</span>, etc.; Δίκης βωμός <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>383</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>539</span> (lyr.); [[Truth]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>8.71</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">δίκη ἐστί</b>, = [[δίκαιόν ἐστι]], <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>259</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">811</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eu.</span>277</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Adverb. usages, δίκῃ [[duly]], [[rightly]], <span class="bibl">Il.23.542</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Criti.</span>112e</span>; ἐν δίκᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.12</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1069</span>, etc.; σὺν δίκῃ <span class="bibl">Thgn.197</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>9.96</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>444</span>, etc.; κατὰ δίκην <span class="bibl">Hdt. 7.35</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Tr.</span>888</span>, etc.; μετὰ δίκης <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>643e</span>; πρὸς δίκης <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1014</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>1211</span> (but <b class="b3">πρὸς δίκας</b> on the score <b class="b2">of justice</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>546</span> (lyr.)); διαὶ δίκας <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>641</span>; ἐκ δίκης <span class="bibl">Herod.4.77</span>: opp. παρὰ δίκαν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>2.18</span>, etc.; ἄνευ δίκης <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>554</span>; πέρα δίκης <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pr.</span>30</span>; βίᾳ δίκης <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>430</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">δίχα δίκης</b> without [[trial]], <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Ages.</span>32</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ δίκης</b> in preference to <b class="b2">legal proceedings</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.141</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> [[judgement]], <b class="b3">δίκην ἰθύντατα εἰπεῖν</b> give [[judgement]] most righteously (cf. [[ἰθύς]]), <span class="bibl">Il.18.508</span>: esp. in pl., Λυκίην εἴρυτο δίκῃσί τε καὶ σθένεϊ ᾧ <span class="bibl">16.542</span>; περὶ οἶδε δίκας <span class="bibl">Od.3.244</span>, etc.; δίκαι σκολιαί <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>219</span>,<span class="bibl">250</span>; κρῖνε εὐθεῖαν δίκην <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>433</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> after Hom., of <b class="b2">proceedings instituted to determine legal rights</b>, hence, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[lawsuit]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Euthphr.</span>2a</span>, <span class="bibl">D.18.210</span>, etc.; prop. <b class="b2">private suit</b> or [[action]], opp. <b class="b3">γραφή</b> (q. v.), <span class="bibl">Lys.1.44</span>, etc.; ἐκαλοῦντο αἱ γραφαὶ δίκαι, οὐ μέντοι αἱ δίκαι καὶ γραφαί <span class="bibl">Poll.8.41</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ δίκην ἔχοντες</b> the parties to <b class="b2">a suit</b>, IG7.21.8 (Megara), cf. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Cic.</span> 17</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[trial]] of the case, πρὸ δίκης <span class="bibl">Is.5.10</span>, etc.; μέχρι τοῦ δίκην γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">Th.2.53</span>; [[court]] by which it was tried, ἐν ὑμῖν ἐστι καὶ τῇ δίκῃ <span class="bibl">Antipho 6.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">δίκην εἰπεῖν</b> to plead a [[cause]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.8.1</span>; δ. μακρὰν λέγειν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>776</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Epit.</span>12</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">the object</b> or <b class="b2">consequence of the action, atonement, satisfaction, penalty</b>, <b class="b3">δίκην ἐκτίνειν, τίνειν</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.94</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>113</span>: adverbially in acc., τοῦ δίκην πάσχεις τάδε; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>614</span>; freq. <b class="b3">δίκην</b> or <b class="b3">δίκας διδόναι</b> suffer [[punishment]], i. e. make [[amends]] (but <b class="b3">δίκας δ</b>., in <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>703</span> (lyr.), to grant [[arbitration]]); δίκας διδόναι τινί τινος <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.2</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">5.106</span>; ἔμελλε τῶνδέ μοι δώσειν δίκην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>538</span>, etc.; also <b class="b3">ἀντί</b> or <b class="b3">ὑπέρ τινος</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span> 433</span>, <span class="bibl">Lys.3.42</span>; also <b class="b3">δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ θεῶν</b> <b class="b2">to be punished</b> by... <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Grg.</span>525b</span>; but <b class="b3">δίκας ἤθελον δοῦναι</b> they consented to submit to [[trial]], <span class="bibl">Th.1.28</span>; <b class="b3">δίκας λαμβάνειν</b> sts. = [[δ. διδόναι]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.115</span>; δίκην ἀξίαν ἐλάμβανες <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>1312</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Heracl.</span>852</span>; more freq. its correlative, inflict [[punishment]], take [[vengeance]], <span class="bibl">Lys.1.29</span>, etc.; λαβεῖν δίκην παρά τινος <span class="bibl">D.21.92</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">9.2</span>, etc.; so <b class="b3">δίκην ἔχειν</b> to have <b class="b2">one's punishment</b>, <span class="bibl">Antipho 3.4.9</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>529c</span> (but <b class="b3">ἔχω τὴν δ</b>. have [[satisfaction]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ep.</span>319e</span>; παρά τινος <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.45</span>); <b class="b3">δίκας</b> or <b class="b3">δίκην ὑπέχειν</b> stand [[trial]], <span class="bibl">Id.2.118</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OT</span>552</span>; δίκην παρασχεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>50</span>; <b class="b3">θανάτου δίκην ὀφλεῖν ὑπό τινος</b> to incur the death [[penalty]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>39b</span>; δίκας λαγχάνειν τινί <span class="bibl">D.21.78</span>; <b class="b3">δίκης τυχεῖν παρά τινος</b> ib.142; <b class="b3">δίκην ὀφείλειν, ὀφλεῖν</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.21.77</span>, <span class="bibl">47.63</span>; ἐρήμην ὀφλεῖν τὴν δ. <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.13</span>; <b class="b3">δίκην φεύγειν</b> try to escape [[it]], be the defendant in <b class="b2">the trial</b> (opp. <b class="b3">διώκειν</b> prosecute), <span class="bibl">D. 38.2</span>; <b class="b3">δίκας αἰτέειν</b> demand [[satisfaction]], <b class="b3">τινός</b> [[for]] a thing, <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.114</span>; δ. ἐπιτιθέναι τινί <span class="bibl">Id.1.120</span>; <b class="b3">τινός</b> [[for]] a thing, <span class="bibl">Antipho 4.1.5</span>; δίκαι ἐπιφερόμεναι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1302b24</span>; δίκας ἀφιέναι τινί <span class="bibl">D.21.79</span>; <b class="b3">δίκας ἑλεῖν</b>, v. [[ἔρημος]] 11; <b class="b3">δίκην τείσασθαι</b>, v. [[τίνω]] 11; δὸς δὲ δίκην καὶ δέξο παρὰ Ζηνί <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Merc.</span>312</span>; <b class="b3">δίκας διδόναι καὶ λαμβάνειν παρ' ἀλλήλων</b>, of communities, submit [[causes]] to trial, <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.83</span>; δίκην δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν ἐν τῷ δήμῳ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Ath.</span>1.18</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δίκας δοῦναι καὶ δέξασθαι</b> submit differences to a peaceful settlement, <span class="bibl">Th.5.59</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> Pythag. name for [[three]], Plu.2.381f, <span class="title">Theol.Ar.</span>12; for [[five]], ib.31. (Cf. Skt. <b class="b2">diś-, diśā</b> 'direction', 'quarter of the heavens'.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: f.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">(the) way (of), custom, right, judgement, justice, lawsuit, trial, punishment</b> (Il.).<br />Compounds: <b class="b3">δικασπόλος</b> [[judge]] (cf. <b class="b3">αἴπολος</b> etc.) with an acc. pl.<br />Derivatives: Dimin. <b class="b3">δικίδιον</b> (Ar.; see Fournier Les verbes "dire" 116). - <b class="b3">δίκαιος</b> <b class="b2">right(ly)</b> (Il.); with <b class="b3">δικαιότης</b> [[justice]] (X.) and <b class="b3">δικαιοσύνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Ion.-Att.; see Porzig Satzinhalte 225), with sec. <b class="b3">δικαιόσυνος</b> (of Zeus); denominative <b class="b3">δικαιόω</b> [[consider right]], [[judge]] (Ion.-Att.) with <b class="b3">δικαίωμα</b> <b class="b2">act of right</b> and <b class="b3">δικαίωσις</b> [[lawsuit]], [[punishment]]; also <b class="b3">δικαιωτήριον</b> <b class="b2">place of punishment</b> (Pl. Phdr. 249a; like <b class="b3">δεσμωτήριον</b> etc.) and <b class="b3">δικαιωτής</b> [[judge]] (Plu.) - <b class="b3">δικανικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to trials</b>, often depreciative (Att.); the basis only in H.: <b class="b3">δικανούς τοὺς περὶ τὰς δίκας διατρίβοντας</b> H. The long <b class="b3">α</b> (Ar. Pax 534) acc. to Chantraine Anales de filcl 6, 45ff. from <b class="b3">νεανικός</b>; see also Björck Alpha impurum 256f., 279f. - <b class="b3">δικαϊκός</b> [[rightly]] (M. Ant.). - Denomin. <b class="b3">δικάζω</b> [[judge]], Med. <b class="b2">go to law</b> (Il.; <b class="b3">διαδικάζω</b> Att.); from it <b class="b3">δικαστής</b> [[judge]] (Ion.-Att.) with <b class="b3">δικαστικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to a judge\/justice</b> (Pl.) and <b class="b3">δικαστεία</b> <b class="b2">office of δικαστής</b> (inscr.); rare <b class="b3">δικαστήρ</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Locr., Pamph. etc.), f. <b class="b3">δικάστρια</b> (Luc.), with <b class="b3">δικαστήριον</b> [[lawcourt]] (Ion.-Att.) with the dimin. <b class="b3">δικαστηρίδιον</b> (Ar.) and <b class="b3">δικαστηριακός</b> (Phld.); from <b class="b3">δικάζω</b> also <b class="b3">δικαστύς</b> (Epigr. Samos; Fraenkel 1, 32 A. 2), <b class="b3">δικασμός</b> (Ph.), <b class="b3">δικασία</b> (Aq.; <b class="b3">διαδικασία</b> Att.), <b class="b3">διαδίκασμα</b> (Lys.), <b class="b3">δίκασις</b> (sch.). - Privative compound <b class="b3">ἄδικος</b> [[unrightly]] with <b class="b3">ἀδικία</b> and <b class="b3">ἀδικέω</b>, from where <b class="b3">ἀδίκημα</b> (al Ion.-Att.). - On the hypostasis <b class="b3">ἀδικίου</b> <b class="b2">because of unjustice</b> see Wackernagel Synt. 2, 288; on <b class="b3">ἀδίκιον</b> Wackernagel-Debrunner Philol. 95, 190f.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [188] <b class="b2">*deiḱ-</b> [[show]]<br />Etymology: Though identical with Skt. <b class="b2">diśā</b> (ep.) <b class="b2">direction, part of heaven</b>, <b class="b3">δίκη</b> is independent. Prob. from a root noun, seen in Skt. <b class="b2">díś-</b> [[direction]], also [[way]] and preserved in Lat. <b class="b2">dic-is causā</b> (Wackernagel in W.-Hofmann 1, 860). Kretschmer Glotta 32, 2 thinks that <b class="b3">δίκη</b> replaced an old word for [[right]], Lat. [[iūs]], Skt. (Ved.) <b class="b2">yóṣ</b> [[hail]], [[luck]]. The connection with right is old and also seen in Latin (<b class="b2">dicis causa</b>, [[iūdex]]) and Germanic, s. <b class="b3">δείκνυμι</b>. - Diff. on <b class="b3">δίκη</b> Palmer Trans. Phil. Soc. 1950, 149ff. S. Kretschmer Glotta 13, 267f. Monograph D. Loenen. Dikè. Een histor. semant. Analyse. Amsterdam 1948 (Mededel. Nederl. Ak. v. Wet. Letterk. NR 11 : 6).