θεός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, Boeot. θιός, Lacon. σιός (v. infr.), Cypr., Cret. θιός <span class="title">Inscr.Cypr.</span>135.27 H., <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.1, Dor. also θεύς <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Cer.</span>58</span>; acc. <b class="b3">θεῦν</b> v.l. ib.<span class="bibl">130</span>; voc. (only late) <b class="b3">θεός</b>, also <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> θεέ <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">De.</span>3.24</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span> 27.46</span>, <span class="title">PMag.Lond.</span>121.529, etc.; but classical in compd. names, <b class="b3">Ἀμφίθεε, Τιμόθεε</b>:—[[God]], [[the Deity]], in general sense, both sg. and pl. (εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ θεοὺς καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον ἐπὶ θεὸν ἁρμόζει μεταφέρειν <span class="bibl">Plot.6.8.1</span>), <b class="b3">θ. δὲ τὸ μὲν δώσει τὸ δ' ἐάσει</b> <span class="title">God</span> will grant... <span class="bibl">Od.14.444</span>; οὐδέ κεν ἄλλως οὐδὲ θ. τεύξειε <span class="bibl">8.177</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.231</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.13.730</span> (also θεὸς Ζεύς <span class="bibl">Od.4.236</span>, <span class="bibl">14.327</span>); θ. καὶ ἀγαθὴ τύχη <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>757e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Timocl.3</span> D.; σὺν θεῷ <span class="bibl">Il.9.49</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>765</span>, etc. (less freq. <b class="b3">ξὺν τῷ θ</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">383</span>); <b class="b3">σὺν θ. εἰρημένον</b> <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.86</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.153</span>; σὺν θ. εἰπεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>317b</span>: so in pl., σύν γε θεοῖσιν <span class="bibl">Il.24.430</span>; οὔ τοι ἄνευ θεοῦ <span class="bibl">Od.2.372</span>; <b class="b3">οὐ θεῶν ἄτερ</b> pi.<span class="title">P.</span>5.76; ἐκ θεόφι <span class="bibl">Il.17.101</span>; <b class="b3">ὑπὲρ θεόν</b> <b class="b2">against his will</b>, <span class="bibl">17.327</span>; ἂν θ. θέλῃ <span class="bibl">Alex. 231</span>; θ. θέλοντος <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>671</span>: in pl., ἂν θεοὶ θέλωσιν <span class="bibl">Alex.247</span>; <b class="b3">θεῶν</b> <b class="b3">συνεθελόντων, βουλομένων</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>9.8</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Macr.</span>29</span>; εἰ ὀρθῶς ἢ μή, θ. οἶδε <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>266b</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>517b</span>, etc.; in oaths, θ. ἴστω <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>522</span> (lyr.), etc.; πρὸς θεῶν <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.49</span>, <span class="bibl">D.1.15</span>, etc.: τοὺς θεούς σοι <b class="b2">bless you! good heavens! for heaven's sake!</b> <span class="bibl">M.Ant.7.17</span>, <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Epict.</span>2.19.15</span>, al.; <b class="b3">τὸν θ. σοι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">3.7.19</span>, al.: qualified by τις, <span class="bibl">Od.9.142</span>, etc.; οὐκ ἄνευ θεῶν τινος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>164</span> (troch.), <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>764</span>; κατὰ θεόν τινα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">IA</span>411</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Euthd.</span>272e</span>; κατὰ θεόν πως εἰρημένα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>682a</span>: doubled in poets, θεὸν θεόν τις ἀγλαϊζέτω <span class="bibl">B.3.21</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Diagor.1</span>; θεοὶ θεοὶ τῶν ἀδίκων μέλουσι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>772</span>, cf. Paus.Gr.<span class="title">Fr.</span>203; <b class="b3">θεοί</b> (Cret. <b class="b3">θιοί</b>) as an opening formula in Inscrr. (sc. <b class="b3">τύχην ἀγαθὴν διδοῖεν</b>), <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.1, <span class="title">IG</span> 12.52, etc.: sg., <b class="b3">θ. τύχη</b> ib.5(2).1, etc.: in Prose also with the Art., ὁ θ. πάντων ἂν εἴη αἴτιος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>379c</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>716c</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">τὰ πρὸς τοὺς θ., τὰ παρὰ τῶν θ</b>., <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.3.1</span>, <span class="bibl">2.6.8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">θεοί</b>, opp. ἄνδρες, πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε <span class="bibl">Il.1.544</span>; ὃν Ξάνθον καλέουσι θ., ἄνδρες δὲ Σκάμανδρον <span class="bibl">20.74</span>: in Comparisons, θεοῖσιν ἶσ' ἔθελε φρονέειν <span class="bibl">5.440</span>; θεοῖς ἐναλίγκια μήδεα <span class="bibl">Od.13.89</span>; also in sg., θεῷ ἐναλίγκιος αὐδήν <span class="bibl">Il.19.250</span>; θεὸς ὥς <span class="bibl">5.78</span>; ὥς τε θεός <span class="bibl">3.381</span>: prov., <b class="b3">θεὸς πρὸς ἀνθρώπους</b>, of an 'angel's visit', <span class="bibl">Herod.1.9</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> of special divinities, <b class="b3">νέρτεροι θ</b>. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>622</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>602</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ἐνέρτεροι θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.15.225</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ κάτωθεν θ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1070</span>; θ. οὐράνιοι <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>55</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>90</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">οἱ δώδεκα θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>235</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.Mag.</span>3.2</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>22.30, etc.; <b class="b3">μὰ τοὺς δώδεκα θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Sam.</span>91</span>; in dual, <b class="b3">τὼ σιώ</b> (Lacon.), of Castor and Pollux, <b class="b3">ναὶ τὼ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.6.34</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HG</span>4.4.10</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>81</span>: so in Boeot., of Amphion and Zethus, <b class="b3">νεὶ τὼ σιώ</b> (leg. <b class="b3">θιώ</b>) <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ach.</span>905</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">d</span> <b class="b3">ὁ θ</b>., of natural phenomena, <b class="b3">ὁ θ. ὕει</b> (sc. <b class="b3">Ζεύς</b>) <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.13</span>; ὁ θ. ἐνέσκηψε βέλος <span class="bibl">Id.4.79</span>; <b class="b3">ἔσεισεν ὁ θ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">Ποσειδῶν</b>) <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>4.7.4</span>; of the sun, <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.24</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span> 502</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>722</span>; <b class="b3">δύνοντος τοῦ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">App.<span class="title">BC</span>4.79</span>; the [[weather]], <b class="b3">τί δοκεῖ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ</b>; <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Char.</span>25.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">e</span> Astrol., <b class="b3">θεοί</b>,= <b class="b3">ἀστέρες</b>, Jul. Laod.in <span class="title">Cat.Cod.Astr.</span>8(4).252. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">f</span> <b class="b3">θεός</b> (sc. <b class="b3">Ἥλιος</b>), name of the 9th <b class="b3">τόπος</b>, Rhetor.ib.163, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> metaph., of abstract things, τὸ δ' εὐτυχεῖν τόδ' ἐν βροτοῖς θεός τε καὶ θεοῦ πλέον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>60</span>; ἡ φρόνησις ἁγαθὴ θ. μέγας <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>922</span>; θ. γὰρ καὶ τὸ γιγνώσκειν φίλους E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>&lt;*&gt;<span class="bibl">60</span>; <b class="b3">ὁ πλοῦτος τοῖς σοφοῖς θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Cyc.</span>316</span>; <b class="b3">φθόνος κάκιστος θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hippothoon 2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> as title of rulers, <b class="b3">θεῶν ἀδελφῶν</b> (sc. Ptolemy Il and Arsinoe), <span class="bibl">Herod.1.30</span>, etc.; Πτολεμαῖος ὑπάρχων θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ καὶ θεᾶς <span class="title">OGI</span>90.10(Rosetta, ii B.C.); Ἀντίοχος ὅτῳ θεὸς ἐπώνυμον γίγνεται <span class="bibl">App.<span class="title">Syr.</span>65</span>; <b class="b3">θεὸς ἐκ θεοῦ</b>, of Augustus, <span class="title">OGI</span>655.2 (Egypt, 24 B.C.); θ. ἡμῶν καὶ δεσπότης <span class="title">IPE</span>4.71 (Cherson., ii A.D.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> = Lat. [[Divus]], Mon.Anc.Gr.10.4, <span class="bibl">Str.4.1.1</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">οἱ ἐν θεοῖς αὐτοκράτορες</b>,= <b class="b2">divi Imperatores</b>, IG12(1).786 (Rhodes). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> generally of the dead, καὶ ζῶντός σου καὶ εἰς θεοὺς ἀπελθόντος <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PPetr.</span>2p.45</span> (iii B.C.); <b class="b3">θεοῖς χθονίοις</b>,= Lat. <b class="b2">Dis Manibus</b>, IG14.30,al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b2">one set in authority, judge</b>, <b class="b3">τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ θ., ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ</b>., <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ex.</span>21.6</span>, <span class="bibl">22.8</span>; <b class="b3">θεοὺς οὐ κακολογήσεις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">22.28(27)</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b3">θεός</b> fem., [[goddess]], μήτε θήλεια θεός, μήτε τις ἄρσην <span class="bibl">Il.8.7</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.35</span>, al.; τοῖς θεοῖς εὔχομαι πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις <span class="bibl">D.18.1</span>, cf. 141, Orac.ib.<span class="bibl">21.52</span>; esp. at Athens, of Athena, Decr. ap. <span class="bibl">And.1.77</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>21a</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἁ Διὸς θεός, Ζηνὸς ἡ θ</b>., <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>401</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">952</span> (<b class="b3">ἡ Διὸς θεά</b> ib.<span class="bibl">450</span>); of other goddesses, ποντία θεός <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">I.</span> 8(7).36</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ νερτέρα θ</b>.,= <b class="b3">Περσεφόνη</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1548</span>, etc.; of Thetis, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ap.</span>28c</span>; of Niobe, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>150</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ant.</span>834</span> (anap.): in dual, of Demeter and Persephone, τὰ τοῖν θεοῖν ψηφίσματα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>378</span> (lyr.); οὐδ' ἔδεισε τὼ θεώ <span class="bibl">And.1.125</span>; freq. in oaths, νὴ τὼ θεώ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>112</span>; μὰ τὼ θεώ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ec.</span>155</span>,<span class="bibl">532</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> as Adj. in Comp. <b class="b3">θεώτερος</b>, [[divine]], <b class="b3">θύραι θ</b>., opp. <b class="b3">καταιβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν</b>, <span class="bibl">Od.13.111</span>; <b class="b3">χορὸς θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Ap.</span> 93</span>, cf.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Dian.</span>249</span>, <span class="bibl">D.P.257</span>. (Derived by <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.52</span> fr. <b class="b3">τίθημι</b> (κόσμῳ θέντες τὰ πρήγματα), by <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>397d</span> fr. <b class="b3">θεῖν</b>. Etym. dub.) [In Ep. (twice in Hom.) and Trag. (<span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>47</span>, <span class="bibl">1347</span>, al., not in Com.), as monosyll. by synizesis, θεοί <span class="bibl">Il.1.18</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.142</span>; θεῶν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>55</span>, <span class="bibl">259</span>; θεοῖς <span class="bibl">Thgn.171</span>; θεοῖσιν <span class="bibl">Od.14.251</span>; θεούς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Cer.</span>325</span>: even in nom. <b class="b3">θεός</b> before a vowel, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>399</span> (cf. Pors. ad loc.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HF</span>347</span>; in <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span> 1.56</span> apptly. a short monosyll.]</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m. f.<br />Meaning: [[god]], [[goddess]] (Il.);<br />Compounds: myk. <b class="b2">te-o</b>. Very often in compp., e. g. <b class="b3">ἄ-θεος</b>, <b class="b3">θεο-ειδής</b>; <b class="b3">θεόσ-δοτος</b> after <b class="b3">Διόσ-δοτος</b>; on the form <b class="b3">θεσ-</b> s. [[θέσκελος]], <b class="b3">θέσπις</b>. On <b class="b3">θεσ-</b> as magnifying prefix in MoGr. Georgakas <b class="b3">Ἀθ</b>. 46, 97ff.<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">θεά</b> f. [[goddess]] (ep.; details in Lommel Femininbildungen 13f., also Wackernagel Syntax 2, 25; on <b class="b3">θεά</b> and fem. <b class="b3">θεός</b> in Hom. s. Humbach Münch. Stud. zur Sprachwiss. 7, 46ff.). 2. <b class="b3">θέαιναι</b> pl. [[goddesses]] (after <b class="b3">τέκταιναι</b> a. o.; in Hom. as metr. filling; not with Chantraine REGr. 47, 287 n. 1 archaic form; further Schwyzer 475 w. n. 7). 3. <b class="b3">θεῖος</b> [[divine]] (Il.; cf. below) with <b class="b3">θειώδως</b> adv. (pap.), <b class="b3">θειότης</b> [[godliness]] (LXX, NT, Plu.), <b class="b3">θειάζω</b> <b class="b2">prophesy, honour as god</b> (Th.), also with prefix, e. g. <b class="b3">ἐπι-θειάζω</b> <b class="b2">swear in the name of the gods</b> with (<b class="b3">ἐπι-)θειασμός</b> (Th.) 4. <b class="b3">θεϊκός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (late). 5. Denomin. verb <b class="b3">θεόω</b>, <b class="b3">-όομαι</b> <b class="b2">make to a god, become a god</b> (Call.), mostly with prefix, e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπο-θεόω</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (pap., Plb., Plu.) with <b class="b3">ἀποθέωσις</b> (Str.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [259] <b class="b2">*dʰ(e)h₁s-</b> [[god]]<br />Etymology: The connection with Arm. <b class="b2">di-k</b> pl. [[gods]] (Bartholomae BB 17, 348) seems probable; further to Lat. [[fēriae]] <b class="b2">festive days</b>, [[fēstus]] [[feastly]], [[fānum temple]], s. W.-Hofmann s. vv.; to Skt. <b class="b2">dhíṣṇiya-</b> Mayrhofer KEWA s. <b class="b2">dhiṣáṇā</b>. Arm. <b class="b2">di-k</b> would come from IE <b class="b2">*dhēs-es</b>, and <b class="b3">θεός</b> could be <b class="b2">*dhes-ós</b>; cf. <b class="b3">θέσ-κελος</b>; <b class="b3">θεῖος</b> then from <b class="b3">*θέσ-ι̯ος</b> (Schwyzer 467). The [[ē]] : [[e]] go back on <b class="b2">*dheh₁s-</b>: <b class="b2">*dhh₁s-</b>; this explains also the Latin forms, e.g. [[fanum]] < <b class="b2">*fasnom</b> < <b class="b2">*dʰh₁s-nom</b>; thus Rix, Kratylos XIV (1969) [1972] 179f. - The etymology as <b class="b3">*θϜεσ-ός</b> with Lith. <b class="b2">dvasià</b> [[spirit]], MHG [[getwās]] [[ghost]] (s. on <b class="b3">θεῖον</b>) can be abandoned; there is no trace of the F in Greek and it is impossible in the Armenian word.