καλός: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[good]] (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.<br />Other forms: Primary comp. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (Alc. ntr. <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [s. below], El. <b class="b3">καλιτερος</b> [graphic?], rarely <b class="b3">καλώτερος</b>, <b class="b3">καλλιώτερος</b>), <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) <b class="b3">καλλά</b>; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.<br />Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, Boeot. <b class="b3">καλϜος</b><br />Compounds: As 1. member rare (for <b class="b3">καλλι-</b>, <b class="b3">εὑ-</b>), e. g. <b class="b3">καλό-φυλλος</b> <b class="b2">with beautiful leaves</b> (Thphr.; after <b class="b3">μακρό-</b>, <b class="b3">λειό-φυλλος</b> etc.); as 2. member e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπειρό-καλος</b> <b class="b2">not knowing what is beautiful</b> (Pl.; from <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b>). Note esp. <b class="b3">καλοκἀγαθία</b> (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of <b class="b3">καλὸς κ(αὶ</b>) <b class="b3">ἀγαθός</b> (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">καλότης</b> [[beauty]] (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> n. [[beauty]] (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in <b class="b3">περι-καλλής</b> <b class="b2">very beautiful</b> (Il., bahuvrihi); from there <b class="b3">κάλλιμος</b> [[beautiful]] (Od., h. Hom.; after <b class="b3">κύδιμος</b>, s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf <b class="b3">-ιμος</b> 10ff.), <b class="b3">καλλύνω</b> <b class="b2">give beauty, make beautiful, sweep</b> (S., Pl., Arist.) with <b class="b3">καλλυντής</b> [[sweeper]] (pap. IIa), <b class="b3">κάλλυντρον</b> [[broom]], also name of a shrub (Arist.), <b class="b3">κάλλυνθρον</b> [[duster]] (LXX, pap.), <b class="b3">καλλυντήρια</b> n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), <b class="b3">καλλύσματα</b> pl. [[dust]] (Keos). Fom <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> further <b class="b3">καλλονή</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. <b class="b3">ἡδονή</b>), <b class="b3">καλλοσύνη</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E.). - 2. compar. <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> (Il.); from there <b class="b3">καλλιόομαι</b> <b class="b2">be made more beautiful</b> (LXX), <b class="b3">καλλιστεύω</b>, <b class="b3">-ομαι</b> <b class="b2">be the most beautiful</b> (Ion.) with <b class="b3">καλλιστεῖον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίστευμα</b> <b class="b2">sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour</b> (S., E., inscr.). - 3. <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> as 1. member (Il.); e. g. <b class="b3">καλλι-γύναικ-α</b>, <b class="b3">-ος</b>, <b class="b3">-ι</b> <b class="b2">with beutiful women</b> (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like <b class="b3">Καλλίας</b> etc.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: From Att. <b class="b3">καλός</b> and Ion. <b class="b3">καλός</b>, both from <b class="b3">καλϜός</b> (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun <b class="b3">κάλλος</b>, the compar. forms <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> and the 1. member <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> (and <b class="b3">καλλίων</b>, <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b>, cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> ?) proposed basis <b class="b3">*κάλ-νος</b> or <b class="b3">*κάλ-ι̯ος</b> (hardly to Skt. <b class="b2">kalya-</b>, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> too there is no good explanation. Beside <b class="b3">καλ-Ϝός</b> with old <b class="b2">u̯o-</b>suffix one would expect as 1. member <b class="b3">καλι-</b> (retained in <b class="b3">κάλιον</b> [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. <b class="b2">kaly-ā́ṇa-</b> [[beautiful]] (prop. <b class="b2">with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος</b>?; cf. on <b class="b3">ὠλένη</b>); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. <b class="b2">kalyaḥ</b>1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 <b class="b3">καλλ-</b> would come from antevocalic <b class="b3">*καλ</b>ι̯-, from where <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> and as backformation <b class="b3">κάλλος</b> etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a : <b class="b3">-λλ-</b> from a comparative <b class="b3">*κάλλων</b> < <b class="b3">*καλι̯ων</b>, from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. <b class="b3">*κάλλον</b> < <b class="b3">*κάλι̯ον</b> was considered as positive and resulted in <b class="b3">κάλλιον</b>, <b class="b3">καλλίων</b> (from where <b class="b3">κάλλιστος</b> etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. <b class="b2">kalyā́ṇa-</b>, with ep. class. <b class="b2">kalya-</b> [[robust]], [[prepared]]. The Germanic words, ONo. <b class="b2">hǫldr</b> and OHG [[helid]] [[warrior]], [[Held]] must be kept separated.