λίθος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[<b class="b3">ῐ], ου, o(</b> (v. infr. <span class="bibl">11</span>), <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[stone]], Hom., etc.; esp. of the [[stones]] thrown by warriors, <b class="b3">τρηχὺς λ., λ. ὀκριόεις</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.5.308</span>, <span class="bibl">8.327</span>; also, [[stonequoit]], <span class="bibl">Od.8.190</span>; ἑλέσθαι… ἐκ γαίας λίθον <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Fr.</span>199.4</span>; of building- [[stones]], λίθοι βασιλικοί <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>4.423.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>499.20</span> (both iii B.C.): prov., <b class="b3">ἐν παντὶ γάρ τοι σκορπίος φρουρεῖ λίθῳ</b> <b class="b2">for a scorpion keeps watch in every stone lapide, sub omni latet insidians nepa</b> <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>37</span>; <b class="b3">λίθον ἕψειν</b> 'to lose one's labour', <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>280</span>; also of stupid persons, 'blockheads', λίθοι <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1202</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Thgn.568</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>292d</span>, Gal.9.656; <b class="b3">λ. τις, ou) dou/lh</b> <span class="bibl">Herod.6.4</span>; <b class="b3">προσηγορεύθη διὰ τὸ μὴ φρονεῖν λ</b>., of Niobe, <span class="bibl">Philem.101</span>; ὥσπερ λίθον ζῆν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>494a</span> sq.; <b class="b3">λίθῳ λαλεῖς</b> prov. of <b class="b3">ἀναίσθητοι</b>, <span class="bibl">Macar.5.61</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[stone]] as a substance, opp. wood, flesh, etc., ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι λ. χρὼς οὐδὲ σίδηρος <span class="bibl">Il.4.510</span>; <b class="b3">λαοὺς δὲ λίθους ποίησε</b> turned into [[stone]], [[petrified]], <span class="bibl">24.611</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>198c</span>; so [νῆα] θεῖναι λ. <span class="bibl">Od.13.156</span>; as an emblem of hard-heartedness, σοὶ δ' αἰεὶ κραδίη στερεωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο <span class="bibl">23.103</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Theoc.3.18</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b3">λίθος, ἡ</b>, twice in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.12.287</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.19.494</span>, just like masc., also in <span class="bibl">Theoc.7.26</span>, <span class="bibl">Bion <span class="title">Fr.</span>1.2</span>: later mostly of <b class="b2">some special stone</b>, as the magnet is called <b class="b3">Μαγνῆτις λ</b>. by <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Fr.</span>567</span> (but <b class="b3">ἡ λίθος</b> simply in <span class="bibl">Democr.11k</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ph.</span> 267a2</span>, cf. v.l. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">de An.</span>405a20</span>); also <b class="b3">Λυδία λ</b>. by <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>800</span> (but in B.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 10 J. <b class="b3">Λυδία λ</b>. = [[touchstone]]); <b class="b3">Ἡρακλεία λ</b>. by <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ion</span>533d</span>, <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Fr.</span> 293</span>; so of a [[touchstone]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>486d</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ διαφανὴς λ</b>. [[a piece of crystal]] used for a burning-glass, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>767</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Alex.</span>21</span>; <b class="b3">χυτὴ λ</b>. was perh. a kind of [[glass]], and so an older name for <b class="b3">ὕαλος</b>, <span class="bibl">Epin.1.8</span> (the same thing as the <b class="b3">ἀρτήματα λίθινα χυτά</b> in <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.69</span>; cf. τὴν ὕαλον… ὅσα τε λίθων χυτὰ εἴδη καλεῖται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>61c</span>); <b class="b3">λ</b>. = <b class="b2">precious stone</b> is fem. in <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Nat.Mul.</span>99</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>22.1421.92, 1460.21, but masc. in <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.44</span>, etc.; in the sense of [[marble]] mostly masc., λευκὸς λ. <span class="bibl">Id.4.87</span> (simply λίθος <span class="bibl">1.164</span>), <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>330</span> (<b class="b3">λευκοὶ λ</b>. is opp. πέτρινοι λ. <span class="title">Supp.Epigr.</span>4.446.8 (Didyma)); Πάριος λ. <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>4.81</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.57</span>; Ταινάριος λ. <span class="bibl">Str.8.5.7</span>; <b class="b3">λ. Θάσιος, Αἰγύπτιος</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">Paus.1.18.6</span>, etc.; κογχίτης <span class="bibl">Id.1.44.6</span>; κογχυλιάτης <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.4.10</span>; but Παρία λ. <span class="bibl">Theoc.6.38</span>, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Am.</span>13</span>; cf. <b class="b3">λυχνίας, -ίτης; πώρινος λ</b>. [[tufa]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.62</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> collectively, <b class="b3">πέφυκε λίθος… ἄφθονος, ἐξ οὗ</b>… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Vect.</span>1.4</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b2">grave-stone</b> (fem.), <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>8.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> at Athens, <b class="b3">λίθος, ὁ</b>, was a name for various [[blocks of stone used for rostra]] or [[platforms]], as, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> the <b class="b3">βῆμα</b> (q.v.) of the Pnyx, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>683</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span> 680</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ec.</span>87</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> another in the <b class="b3">ἀγορά</b> used by the <b class="b3">κήρυκες</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sol.</span>8</span>; prob. the same as <b class="b3">ὁ πρατὴρ λ</b>., on which the auctioneer stood when selling slaves, etc., <span class="bibl">Poll.3.78</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">126</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> an [[altar]] in the <b class="b3">ἀγορά</b>, at which the Thesmothetae, arbitrators, and witnesses took their oaths, <span class="bibl">Philoch.65</span>, <span class="bibl">D.54.26</span> (restored from Harp. s.v. [[λίθος]]), <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ath.</span>7.1</span>, <span class="bibl">55.5</span>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sol.</span>25</span>; cf. [[λιθωμότης]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> two [[stones]] on which litigants stood in the Areopagus, <span class="bibl">Paus.1.28.5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> [[piece on a draughtboard]], <span class="bibl">Alc.82</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc. 6.18</span>, cf. γραμμή <span class="bibl">111.1</span>: hence pron., πάντα λίθον κινεῖν <span class="bibl">Zen.5.63</span> (who explains it differently). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> Medic., <b class="b2">stone in the bladder, calculus</b>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>519b19</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Morb.</span>4.55</span>, al. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VII</span> <b class="b3">Δία λίθον ὀμνύναι</b>, = Lat. <b class="b2">Jovem lapidem jurare</b>, <span class="bibl">Plb.3.25.6</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VIII</span> <b class="b3">λίθοι χαλάζης</b> hail- [[stones]], <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Jo.</span>10.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IX</span> <b class="b3">λ. ὁ οὐ λ</b>. the philosophers' [[stone]], Zos. Alch.<span class="bibl">p.122</span> B.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.f. (on gender cf. Schwyzer-Debrunner 37 and n. 6, Shipp Studies 76)<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">stone, stoneblock, rock, precious stones</b> (Il.).<br />Compounds: compp., e.g. <b class="b3">λιθο-βόλος</b> m. <b class="b2">stone-thrower</b> (Att.), <b class="b3">μονό-λιθος</b> [[consisting of one stone]] (Hdt.).<br />Derivatives: Several derivv. 1. Diminut.: <b class="b3">λιθ-ίδιον</b> (Pl., Arist.), <b class="b3">-άριον</b> (Thphr., hell. inscr.), <b class="b3">-αρίδιον</b> (Alex. Trall.). 2. collectives: <b class="b3">λιθάς</b>, <b class="b3">-άδος</b> f. <b class="b2">rain of stones, throw ..</b> (Od., A., Nic.; Chantraine Form. 352), <b class="b3">λιθία</b> [[rock]] (hell.; cf. Chantraine 81). 3. <b class="b3">λίθαξ</b> f. [[stone]] (ε 415 [attributive], hell. poetry), <b class="b3">λιθακός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Stesich.; Chantraine 384), <b class="b3">λιθίς</b> = <b class="b3">λιθίασις</b> (s. below; Hp.). - 4. Adject.: <b class="b3">λίθεος</b> (Hom.), <b class="b3">λίθιος</b> (Thess.), <b class="b3">-ειος</b> (sch.) <b class="b2">of stone</b>; <b class="b3">λίθινος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Pi., IA.), <b class="b3">λιθικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to (a) stone</b> (hell.). <b class="b3">λιθώδης</b> [[stonelike]], [[stony]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">λιθωδία</b> (Eust.). - 5. Verbs: <b class="b3">λιθάζω</b> <b class="b2">throw with stones, lapidate</b> (Arist., Anaxandr.) with <b class="b3">λιθασ-μός</b>, <b class="b3">-τής</b>, <b class="b3">-τικός</b> (A. D., sch.); <b class="b3">λιθόομαι</b> [[be changed into stone]] (Arist.) with <b class="b3">λίθωσις</b> (Aristeas, Plu.); <b class="b3">λιθιάω</b> (<b class="b3">-θάω</b>) [[suffer from the stone]] (Hp.; after the verbs of disease in <b class="b3">-ιάω</b>, Schwyzer 732) with <b class="b3">λιθίασις</b> (Hp., Gal.).<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]<br />Etymology: Unexplained. Wrong or quite improbable hypotheses mentioned in Bq, WP. 2, 379 and W.-Hofmann s. [[laedō]]. After Grošelj Živa Ant. 5, 111 f. to <b class="b3">λεῖος</b>, <b class="b3">λιτός</b> etc. with <b class="b3">θ-</b>suffix; comparable Scheftelowitz Festgabe H. Jacobi (Bonn 1926) 28: to Lith. <b class="b2">slidùs</b> [[smooth]]. Words for [[stone]] etc. are often taken from a substratum.