μάρτυς: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, ἡ, Cret., Epid. μαῖτυς <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.13, al., <span class="title">IG</span>42(1).42, Cret. also μαίτυρς <span class="title">GDI</span>4998 v ii; gen. <b class="b3">μάρτῠρος</b>, acc. -ῠρα <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span> 371</span>, etc., formed from μάρτυρ (q. v.), exc. acc. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> μάρτῠν <span class="bibl">Simon. 84</span>. <span class="bibl">4</span>, <span class="bibl">Men. 1034</span>, Plu. 2.49a; dat. pl. <b class="b3">μάρτῠσι</b> (but <b class="b3">μάρτυρσι</b> prob. in <span class="bibl">Hippon. 51</span>):—[[witness]] (not in Hom.), Hes. l.c., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Merc.</span>372</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn. 1226</span>, etc.; ἄμμιν μάρτυς ἔστω Ζεύς <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.167</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>664</span>; ἁμέραι δ' ἐπίλοιποι μ. σοφώτατοι <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.34</span>; τούτων μάρτυρας καλῶ θεούς <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Tr.</span>1248</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ph.</span>491</span>; μάρτυρα θέσθαι τινά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>261</span>; μ. θεοὺς ποιεῖσθαι <span class="bibl">Th.4.87</span>, etc.; μάρτυρι χρῆσθαί τινι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1375b30</span>; <b class="b3">μάρτυρας παρέχεσθαι</b> produce [[witnesses]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>471e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.27.51</span>, etc.; μάρτυρες παρίστανται <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.6.16</span>; <b class="b3">μάρτυρα παράγεσθαι, μάρτυρας ἐπάγεσθαι</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>836c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>364c</span>; δικάζει ταῦτα μαρτύρων ὅπο <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span> 934</span>; μαρτύρων ἐναντίον <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.28</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>448</span>; ἐν μάρτυσι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span> 175e</span>; <b class="b3">τί δεῖται μάρτυρος</b>; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>340a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[martyr]], Apoc.2.13, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> Astrol., <b class="b2">in aspect</b>, μάρτυρες ἀλλήλων <span class="bibl">Man. 4.451</span>. (Cf. <b class="b3">μάρτυρ, μάρτυρος</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m. f.<br />Meaning: [[witness]] (Il.; on the spread etc. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 92 f., on the use in Homer Nenci Par. del Pass. 13, 221ff.) <b class="b2">martyr, (blood-witness)</b> (christ. lit.; s. Bauer Gr.-dt. Wb. s.v.).<br />Other forms: Aeol. (Hdn. Gr.) a. Dor. <b class="b3">μάρτυρ</b>, Cret. Epid. <b class="b3">μαῖτυς</b> (<b class="b3">-ρς</b>), <b class="b3">-ρος</b>, acc. also <b class="b3">μάρτυν</b> (Simon.), dat. pl. <b class="b3">μάρτυσι</b> (<b class="b3">-ρσι</b> Hippon.?); ep., also NWGr. <b class="b3">μάρτυρος</b>.<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">μαρτυρο-ποιέομαι</b> <b class="b2">call as witness</b> (inscr., pap.), <b class="b3">ψευδό-μαρτυς</b> <b class="b2">false witness</b> (Pl.; Risch IF 59, 257 f.), <b class="b3">ἐπί-μαρτυς</b> [[witness]] (Ar., Call., A. R.), prob. backformation from <b class="b3">ἐπι-μαρτύρομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ρέω</b>; on supposed <b class="b3">ἐπιμάρτυρος</b> (for <b class="b3">ἔπι μάρτυρος</b>) see Leumann Hom. Wörter 71.<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">μαρτυρία</b> (λ 325; cf. below on <b class="b3">μαρτυρέω</b>), <b class="b3">μαρτύριον</b> (IA) [[testimony]], [[evidence]]. Denominatives: 1. <b class="b3">μαρτύρομαι</b>, also wiht prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b2">call as witness</b> (IA); 2. <b class="b3">μαρτυρέω</b>, often w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἀντι-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>, [[testify]], [[bear witness]] (Alc., Pi., IA) with <b class="b3">μαρτύρημα</b> (E.), (<b class="b3">ἀντι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-)-μαρτύρησις</b> (Epicur., pap.) [[testimony]], also (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">συμ-</b>) <b class="b3">μαρτυρία</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. above and Scheller Oxytonierung 34f. w. n. 4).<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: The basis may be a verbal noun <b class="b3">*μάρ-τυ-</b> [[testimony]], seen in <b class="b3">μάρ-τυς</b>, <b class="b3">-τυν</b>, <b class="b3">-τυσι</b>; cf. below. The change from abstract [[testimony]] to appellative [[witness]] is attested more often, e.g. Fr. <b class="b2">témoin</b> < Lat. [[testimonium]], Engl. [[witness]] orig. [[testimony]], then [[witness]]. The suffix <b class="b3">ρο-</b> gave the personal, prob. orig. adjectival <b class="b3">μάρτυ-ρος</b>. A compromise with <b class="b3">μάρτυς</b> gave perhaps the consonantstem <b class="b3">μάρτυρ-</b>; note esp. the gen. pl. <b class="b3">μαρτύρων</b> (<b class="b3">ἐναντίον μαρτύρων</b> etc.), which can be both from the <b class="b2">o-</b>stem and from the consonantstem; further see Egli Heteroklisie 117ff. Dissimilation occurred in <b class="b3">μαῖτυ(ρ)ς</b> (< <b class="b3">*μάρτυρ-ς</b>); <b class="b3">μάρτυσι</b> and <b class="b3">μάρτυς</b> can be explained in the same way (Schwyzer 260); cf. above. - As zero grade <b class="b3">τυ-</b>derivation <b class="b3">μάρτυς</b> may belong to a verb for [[remember]], which may be found in Skt. <b class="b2">smárati</b> and which may have other derivatives in Greek, e.g. <b class="b3">μέριμνα</b> (s. v.); proper meaning *'remembrance'. -- Not with Thieme Studien 55 (with criticism of the traditional interpretation): from <b class="b2">*mr̥t-tur</b> prop. <b class="b2">seizing death</b> (?), cf. Leumann Gnomon 25, 191. - But this cannot explain the vocalism, so rather a loand from Pre-Greek (Fur. 296). The speculations above, which start from an IE origin, must be rejected.