πέρα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=(A), Adv. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[beyond]], [[further]], μέχρι τοῦ μέσου καθιέναι, π. δ' οὔ <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Phd.</span>112e</span>; μέχρι τούτου... π. δὲ μή <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>423b</span> : with Art., τὸ π. λέγειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>241d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. gen., <b class="b3">π. ὅρου ἐλαύνειν</b> <b class="b2">further than</b>, Lex ap.<span class="bibl">D. 23.44</span>; τούτου μὴ π. προβαίνειν <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1319b14</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ti.</span>29d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> of Time, [[longer]], οὐκέτι π. ἐπολιόρκησαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.1.28</span> : with Art., τὸ π. καθεύδειν τοῦ πρέποντος <span class="bibl">Aeschin.Socr.52</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. gen., π. μεσούσης τῆς ἡμέρας <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>6.5.7</span> ; <b class="b3">τῶν πεντήκοντα π. γεγονότας</b> [[above]] fifty years old, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>670a</span> (v.l. [[πέραν]]). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> freq. metaph., [[beyond measure]], [[extravagantly]], <b class="b3">π. λέξαι, φράσαι</b>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>633</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>332</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span> 1033</span> ; Ζεύς… με λυπήσει πέρα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>1246</span> ; π. ματεύειν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>211</span> (lyr.); μέλεα καὶ π. παθεῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">El.</span>1187</span> (lyr.); οἵ τοι π. στέρξαντες οἵδε καὶ π. μισοῦσιν <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>78 ; <b class="b3">τὸ π</b>. <span class="bibl">Arr.<span class="title">Fr.</span>123J.</span>; but π. is f.l. in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1745</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. gen., [[more than]], [[beyond]], [[exceeding]], <b class="b3">π. δίκης, καιροῦ π</b>., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>30</span>,<span class="bibl">507</span>; <b class="b3">τοῦ εἰκότος π</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>74</span>; π. τῶν νῦν εἰρημένων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>257</span> ; π. τῶν νόμων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>1506</span> ; π. τοῦ προσήκοντος <span class="bibl">Antipho 5.1</span> ; π. ὧν προσεδεχόμεθα <span class="bibl">Th.2.64</span> ; <b class="b3">π. τοῦ δέοντος, π. τοῦ μετρίου</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>487d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ti.</span>65d</span> ; π. τοῦ μεγίστου φόβου <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>12c</span> ; <b class="b3">θαυμάτων π</b>. <b class="b2">more than</b> marvels, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>714</span> ; δεινὸν καὶ π. δεινοῦ <span class="bibl">D.45.73</span>; <b class="b3">π. μεδίμνου</b> <b class="b2">more than</b> a medimnus, <span class="bibl">Is.10.10</span>; <b class="b3">ἐλπίδος π</b>. <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Sull.</span>11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> abs., [[more]], [[further]], <b class="b3">οὐδὲν ἐρρήθη π</b>. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>91</span> ; <b class="b3">ἄπιστα καὶ π. κλύων</b> things incredible, and <b class="b2">more than that</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span> 417</span> ; <b class="b3">πᾶν τολμήσασα καὶ π</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>189</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> as Comp., folld. by <b class="b3">ἤ</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OC</span>651</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ph.</span>1277</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> [[above]], [[higher than]], <b class="b3">τῶν ἐμῶν ἐχθρῶν μ' ἔνερθεν ὄντ' ἀνέστησας π</b>. ib.<span class="bibl">666</span> ; <b class="b3">π. ἀνθρώπου, π. τέχνης</b>, <span class="bibl">Philostr. <span class="title">Her.</span>18.1</span>, <span class="bibl">19.4</span>.—In all senses <b class="b3">πέρα</b> may stand either before or after the gen., but commonly before.—Comp. <b class="b3">περαίτερος, α, ον</b>, Adv. <b class="b3">περαίτερον</b> and -<b class="b3">τέρω</b> (qq. v.); cf. sq.</span><br />(B), ἡ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> = [[ἡ περαία]], (περαῖος), the land on the other side. ἐκ πέρας Ναυπακτίας <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>262</span> ; Χαλκίδος πέραν ἔχων <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ag.</span>190</span>(lyr.):—hence πέρανδε, <b class="b2">to a foreign city</b>, <span class="title">SIG</span> 56.13 (Argos, V B.C.).</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adv., also as prep. w. gen.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">beyond, further, longer, more, past</b> (Att.).<br />Compounds: comp. <b class="b3">περαι-τέρω</b> (Att.), <b class="b3">-τερον</b> with adj. <b class="b3">-τερος</b> (Pi.).<br />Derivatives: Besides <b class="b3">πέραν</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ην</b> adv., also prep. w. gen. <b class="b2">over, across, beyond, opposite to</b> (Il.). -- Adj. <b class="b3">περαῖος</b> [[ulterior]], esp. <b class="b3">ἡ περαία</b> (<b class="b3">χώρα</b>, <b class="b3">γῆ</b>) [[the country on the other side]], also as PN (Hdt., A. R., Plb., Str.). From it 1. <b class="b3">Περαΐτης</b> m. <b class="b2">inhabitant of the Περαία</b> (J.; Redard 26 and 239 n. 24); 2. <b class="b3">περαιόθεν</b> <b class="b2">from the other side</b> (A. R., Arat.); 3. <b class="b3">περαιόομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-όω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to cross over, to bring over</b> (since ω 437), <b class="b2">to accomplish</b> (Gort.), <b class="b2">to end</b> (medic.) with <b class="b3">περαίωσις</b> f. [[crossing]] (Str., Plu.). -- Denominative verb <b class="b3">περάω</b>, aor. <b class="b3">-ᾶσαι</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ῆσαι</b>, also w. prefix, esp. <b class="b3">δια-</b> and <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">to pass through, to go through, to travel through, to go beyond, to reach the end</b> (Il.) with (<b class="b3">δια-)πέρ-αμα</b> n. [[crossing]] (Str.), <b class="b3">ἐκπέρ-αμα</b> n. <b class="b2">coming out of</b> (A.), <b class="b3">πέρ-ασις</b> f. <b class="b2">stepping through</b> (S.), <b class="b3">-άσιμος</b> [[crossable]], [[passable]] (E., Str.); <b class="b3">-ατός</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ητός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Pi., Hdt.); <b class="b3">-ατής</b> m. [[ferryman]] (Suid., Procl.); but in the sense of [[stranger]], [[emigrant]] (LXX) prob. from <b class="b3">πέρα(ν</b>); thus <b class="b3">περα-τικός</b> <b class="b2">coming from a strange (ulterior) country, foreign</b> (Peripl. M. Rubr.), and <b class="b3">-τός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (pap. IIIa). -- Often w. strengthening <b class="b3">ἀντι-</b> : <b class="b3">ἀντι-πέραια</b> n. pl. [[the stretches of coast on the opposite side]] (Β 635), <b class="b3">-αια</b> f. sg. (A. R., Nonn.); <b class="b3">ἀντι-πέρας</b> <b class="b2">opposite to</b> (Th., X.; on the ending below), <b class="b3">-πέραν</b>, <b class="b3">-ην</b> (hell.), <b class="b3">-πέρα</b> (Ev. Luc.) <b class="b2">id.</b>; <b class="b3">-πέρηθε(ν</b>) <b class="b2">from the opposite coast</b> (A. R., AP).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [811] <b class="b2">*per</b> [[beyond]], [[further]]<br />Etymology: Both <b class="b3">πέρα</b> and <b class="b3">πέραν</b> are frozen caseforms, the latter acc. of a noun <b class="b3">*πέρα</b> f. (Schwyzer 621), the first polyinterpret. (instr. f. or nom. pl. n.?). To this were adapted, prob. as innovations, the gen. in <b class="b3">ἀντι-πέρας</b> and in <b class="b3">ἐκ πέρας Ναυπακτίας</b> (A. Supp. 262) as well as the nominal acc. in <b class="b3">Χαλκίδος πέραν ἔχων</b> (A.Ag. 190 [lyr.]) and in <b class="b3">πέρανδε</b> (Argos Va). -- With <b class="b3">πέρα</b> may be equated formally Skt. <b class="b2">párā</b> and Av. [[para]] <b class="b2">off, away, on the side</b>; these belong to the adj. Skt. <b class="b2">pára-</b>, Av. OP. <b class="b2">para-</b> <b class="b2">farther, of the other side</b>. Uncertain is the comparison of <b class="b3">πέραν</b> with Lat. <b class="b2">per-peram</b> [[wrong]], [[false]], s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Cf. [[πέρι]] and [[πάρος]] w. further connections and lit.