πικρός: Difference between revisions

|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-02-0614.png Seite 614]] bei Dichtern auch 2 Endgn, wie Od. 4, 406, eigtl. [[spitz]], [[scharf]] (vgl. Buttm. Lexil. I p. l 7), [[ὀϊστός]], βέλεμνα, Hom.; [[γλωχίν]], Soph. Trach. 678; daher übh. eindringend, scharf auf die Sinne wirkend; – a) vom [[Geschmack]], herb, [[bitter]]; [[ῥίζα]], Il. 11, 846; [[ἅλμη]], Od. 5, 322; ähnlich [[δάκρυον]], 4, 153; ἀπ' ὄμφακος πικρᾶς [[οἶνος]], Aesch. Ag. 944; πικρὰν χολὴν κλύζουσι φαρμάκῳ πικρῷ, Soph. frg. 733; Ggstz von [[γλυκύς]], Her. 7, 35; so auch τὸ λεγόμενον πικρῷ γλυκὺ μεμιγμένον, Plat. Phil. 46 c; πικροὶ καὶ χολώδεις χυμοί, Tim. 86 e. – b) vom [[Geruch]], durchdringend, Od. 4, 406. – c) vom [[Gefühl]], stechend, schneidend, <b class="b2">tief schmerzend</b>, ὠδῖνες, Il. 11, 271, wie Soph. Trach. 41, u. eben so, πικροῦ τοῦδ' αἰόλου κνώδοντος, Ai. 1003. – d) vom<b class="b2"> Gehör</b>, durchdringend, scharf, [[gellend]], bes. von sehr hohen, das Trommelfell schmerzhaft reizenden Tönen, Ar. Pax 795, πικρᾶς οἰμωγᾶς, Soph. Phil. 189, [[φθόγγος]], O. C. 1606, u. ä., πικρᾶς ὄρνιθος ὀξὺν φθόγγον, Ant. 419. – el überh. [[schmerzhaft]], widerwärtig, wodurch man sich verletzt, gekränkt fühlt, Od. 17, 448; πικροτάτα τελευτά, Pind. I. 6, 43; δύαι, Aesch. Prom. 178; [[τιμωρία]], Pers. 465; γάμου πικρὰς τελευτάς, Ag. 725, [[λύπη]], Soph. bl. 644; ἀγῶνες, Ai. 1218; vgl. πικρὰν δοκῶ με πεῖραν τήνδε τολμήσειν ἔτι, El. 462; [[νόστος]], Eur. Phoen. 956; [[λύπη]], Or. 1105; πικροτάτους δεσμούς, Bacch. 634; πικροὺς ἰγώ σοι δείξω νόμους, Ar. Av. 1045; u. in Prosa; ούδὲν τῆς ἀνάγκης πικρότερον, Antiph. 2 β 4; χαλεπὴν καὶ [[σφόδρα]] πικρὰν γειτονίαν, Plat. Legg. VIII, 843 c; λόγοι, Gorg. 522 b. – f) auch von [[Personen]], [[heftig]], jähzornig, bes. feindselig, τοὺς φιλτάτους γὰρ [[οἶδα]] νῷν ὄντας πικρούς, Aesch. Ch. 232; ἄθεον ἄνδρα καὶ τοκεῦσιν πικρόν, Eum 147; πικρὸς πολίταις ἐστίν, Eur. Med. 224, u. öfter; εἴς τινα, Her. 1, 123; πονηρὸς καὶ πικρὸς καὶ [[συκοφάντης]] vrbdt Dem. 25, 45; u. so adv., ὠμῶς καὶ πικρῶς ἔχειν ἐπί τινι, ib. 83; [[τύραννος]], Pol. 7, 13, 7; [[δικαστής]], streng, 5, 41, 3; καὶ [[ἀπαραίτητος]] u. ä. oft (vgl. Arist. eth. 4, 11); u. so auch im adv., πικρῶς διακεῖσθαι [[πρός]] τινα, 4, 14, 1; πικρότατα χρῆσθαί τινι, 1, 72, 3, u. a. Sp. – [Hom. braucht ι lang, es findet sich aber auch kurz, Soph. Ai. 500, Theocr. 8, 74]

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">sharp, peaky, piercing, bitter, painful</b> (Il.; on the meaning Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 78 a. 273).<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">πικρό-χολος</b> <b class="b2">full of bitter gall</b> (Hp.), <b class="b3">γλυκύ-πικρος</b> <b class="b2">sweet-bitter</b> (Sapph.; Risch IF 59, 32).<br />Derivatives: 1. Abstract: <b class="b3">πικρ-ότης</b> f. <b class="b2">sharpness, bitterness etc.</b> (IA.), <b class="b3">-ία</b> f. <b class="b2">id.</b> (D., Arist., hell.). 2. plantname: <b class="b3">πικρ-άς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίς</b>, <b class="b3">-ίδιον</b> (Arist., Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.); Strömberg Pfl.namen 63; <b class="b3">-άς</b> f. also <b class="b2">sour bottom</b> (pap. IIIa); <b class="b3">-ίδιος</b> as adj. <b class="b2">somewhat bitter</b> (Ath.). 3. verbs: a. <b class="b3">πικρ-αίνομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-αίνω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐν-</b>, <b class="b3">παρα-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to become bitter, to embitter; to make bitter</b> (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ασμός</b> (<b class="b3">παρα-</b>πικρός) m. [[embitterment]] (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), <b class="b3">-αντικῶς</b> adv. <b class="b2">in an embittering way</b> (S.E.); b. <b class="b3">πικρ-όομαι</b>, almost only with <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">id.</b> (Hp., Arist., Thphr.) with <b class="b3">-ωσις</b> f. (Gal.); back formation <b class="b3">ἔκπικρος</b> <b class="b2">very bitter</b> (Arist.; Strömberg Prefix Studies 73); c. <b class="b3">πικρ-άζομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-άζω</b>, also w. <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">id.</b> (S. E.). 4. substantivising <b class="b3">πίκρα</b> f. name of an antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN <b class="b3">Πρίκων</b> m. (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in NGr. <b class="b3">πρικός</b> (Kretschmer Glotta 6, 304; diff. Bechtel KZ 45, 155).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [794] <b class="b2">*piḱ-ro-</b> [[motley]], [[painted]]<br />Etymology: With a Slav. word for [[motley]], e.g. ORuss. CSlav. [[pьstrъ]] formally identical: IE <b class="b2">*piḱros</b>, from a verb [[sting]], [[cut]], [[embroider]], [[paint]] in Sk. <b class="b2">piṃśáti</b> (nasalpres.) <b class="b2">carve, cut to measure, ornament</b>, Slav., e.g. OCS [[pьsati]] [[write]]; further cognates s. [[ποικίλος]]. -- With <b class="b3">πικρός</b> also some Indo-Iran. words have been identified: Pashto <b class="b2">p(u)šǝī</b> f. <b class="b2">kind of rhubarb, Rheum emodi</b> (Morgenstierne Sarūpa-Bhāratī [Hoshiarpur 1954] 1; ), Skt. <b class="b2">śilpá-</b> [[motley]] (inverted from <b class="b2">*piślá-</b>; Tedesco Lang. 23, 383ff [?]). After Machek Zeitschr. f. Slawistik 1, 36 here also Slav. [[prikrь]] [[disgusting]], [[sour]], [[sharp]]; against this Vasmer Wb. s. <b class="b2">príkryj</b>.