πονέω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=πονέομαι, <span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> in early Greek only Med. <b class="b3">πονέομαι</b>, inf. -έεσθαι <span class="bibl">Il.10.116</span>: impf. <b class="b3">ἐπονεῖτο</b>, Ep. πονεῖτο <span class="bibl">9.12</span>: fut. πονήσομαι <span class="bibl">23.159</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.4</span>, later πονέσομαι <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Asin.</span>9</span>: aor. <b class="b3">ἐπονησάμην</b>, Ep. πονήσατο <span class="bibl">Il.9.348</span>, (δια-) <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>966c</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span>5.10</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπονήθην</b> f.l. in <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hel.</span>1509</span> (lyr.), (δια-) <span class="bibl">Isoc.15.267</span>: pf. <b class="b3">πεπόνημαι</b>, Ion.3pl.—-έαται <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.63</span>, Ep.-ήαται <span class="bibl">Arat.82</span>, Att. -ηνται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>58e</span>: plpf. πεπόνητο <span class="bibl">Il.15.447</span>, Ep.3pl. -ήατο <span class="bibl">A.R.2.263</span>: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> abs., <b class="b2">work hard</b>, ὡς ἐπονεῖτο <span class="bibl">Il.2.409</span>; <b class="b3">ὄφελεν πονέεσθαι λισσόμενος</b> he ought <b class="b2">to suffer toil</b> in praying, <span class="bibl">10.117</span>; <b class="b3">ὅπλα... τοῖς ἐπονεῖτο</b> with which <b class="b2">he did his work</b>, of Hephaestus, <span class="bibl">18.413</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.16.13</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ δόρπα… πονέοντο</b> <b class="b2">were busied</b> about their supper, <span class="bibl">Il.24.444</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.63</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>58e</span>; so <b class="b3">πεπόνητο καθ' ἵππους</b> <b class="b2">was busy</b> with the horses, of a charioteer, <span class="bibl">Il.15.447</span>; <b class="b3">πονέοντο κατὰ κρατερὴν ὑσμίνην</b> <b class="b2">were toiling</b> in the fight, <span class="bibl">5.84</span>, etc.; hence <b class="b3">πονεῖσθαι</b> alone = [[μάχεσθαι]], <span class="bibl">4.374</span>, <span class="bibl">13.288</span>; <b class="b3">π. τινός</b> <b class="b2">to be busy</b> with... <span class="bibl">Arat.82</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">758</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[suffer]] from illness, <b class="b2">be sick</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.51</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> c. acc., <b class="b2">work hard at, make</b> or <b class="b2">do with pains</b> or [[care]], τύμβον <span class="bibl">Il.23.245</span>; ταῦτ' ἐπονεῖτο ἰδυίῃσι πραπίδεσσι <span class="bibl">18.380</span>; ὅπλα… πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα <span class="bibl">Od.11.9</span>; πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα <span class="bibl">9.250</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.9.348</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>432</span> (sc. <b class="b3">ἄροτρα</b>) ; πονεύμενος ἕρκος ἀλωῆς <span class="bibl">Mosch.4.100</span>; πεπονήατο δαῖτα γέροντι <span class="bibl">A.R.2.263</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">B</span> after Hom., the act. form <b class="b3">πονέω</b> prevails: fut. πονήσω <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span> 344</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>410b</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Mul.</span>1.2</span>,<span class="bibl">5</span>; later πονέσω <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mech.</span>856b9</span>, <b class="b2">Lyr. Alex.Adesp</b>.<span class="bibl">37.3</span>, <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Is.</span>19.10</span>, al., and in codd. of <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Aph.</span>4.32</span>: aor. <b class="b3">ἐπόνησα</b>, Dor. <b class="b3">-ᾱσα</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1369</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>462d</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Acut.</span>46</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.80</span>; poet. πόνησα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.36</span>; later ἐπόνεσα <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">1 Ki.</span>23.21</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Ph.<span class="title">Bel.</span>58.1</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Polyaen.3.10.6</span>, etc., and in codd. of <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Coac.</span> 489</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Morb.</span>1.4</span>,<span class="bibl">14</span>: pf. πεπόνηκα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>820</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.5.22</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Vict.</span> 2.66</span>; later πεπόνεκα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PMich.Zen.</span>104.3</span> (iii B.C.): plpf. ἐπεπονήκει <span class="bibl">Th. 7.38</span>:—Pass., aor. <b class="b3">ἐπονήθην</b> (ἐξ-) <span class="bibl">Id.6.31</span>; Dor. subj. πονᾱθῇ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.11</span>: pf. πεπόνημαι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>985</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>232a</span> (v. infr. <span class="bibl">1.3</span>): </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> intr., [[toil]], [[labour]], περὶ λήϊον <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.14</span>; ἐς ἄκαιρα πονεῖν <span class="bibl">Thgn.919</span>; <b class="b3">πόνει μετ' εὐκλείας</b> Anon ap.Stob.3.1.173 = <span class="title">JHS</span>27.63 (Cyzicus, iv/iii B.C.); <b class="b3">ἄλλως, μάτην π</b>., [[labour]] in vain, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>1151</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>501</span>: c.acc., <b class="b3">τὰ μηδὲν ὠφελοῦντα μὴ πόνει μάτην</b> [[do]] not <b class="b2">labour at…</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>44</span>; ἀνήνυτα π. <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">R.</span>531a</span>: rarely of things, τίς… αἶνος ἐπ' ἀνδρὶ θείῳ… πονήσει; <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span> 1550</span> (lyr., dub., leg. <b class="b3">αἶνον</b>). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. acc. cogn., <b class="b3">π. πόνον</b> [[go through]], [[suffer]] toil, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>682</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>779</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>1419</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>1369</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>410b</span>, etc.; περὶ τῶν παθημάτων ὧν νοσέουσί τε καὶ πονέουσι <span class="bibl">Hp. <span class="title">VM</span>2</span>, etc.; ἅμιλλαν ποδοῖν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>212</span> (lyr.); π. πολλά <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Supp.</span>577</span>: with modal words, <b class="b3">π. τινί</b> <b class="b2">suffer in</b> or [[by]] a thing, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>7.36</span>; δίψῃ <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Pers.</span>484</span>; ὑπὸ χειμῶνος <span class="bibl">Antipho 2.2.1</span>; τῇ κυήσει <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>570b3</span>; <b class="b3">εἰρεσίᾳ</b> Polyaen.l.c.: c.acc. partis, <b class="b3">πεπόνηκα… τὼ σκέλει</b> mylegs [[ache]], <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>820</span>; <b class="b3">π. τὰς κεφαλάς, τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, τὰ γόνατα</b>, <b class="b2">have a pain</b> in... <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>557a10</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pr.</span>959b21</span>, <span class="bibl">882b25</span>: with modal dat. added, π. πλευρὰν πικρᾷ γλωχῖνι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>681</span>: abs., <b class="b2">labour under sickness, suffer</b>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">VM</span>8</span>; <b class="b2">suffer damage</b>, ἅπαν ἂν συμπαθὲς ἦν ἑνὸς μορίου πονήσαντος <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">PA</span>690b4</span>; also, <b class="b2">suffer pain</b>, <b class="b3">ἀεὶ π. τὸ ζῷον</b> Anaxag.ap eund.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">EN</span> 1154b7</span>; of an army, <b class="b2">to be hard-pressed, suffer</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.5.73</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.4.21</span>, etc.; of ships, <span class="bibl">Th.7.38</span>; of implements, arms, etc., <b class="b2">to be worn out, spoilt</b>, or [[damaged]], <span class="bibl">D.18.194</span>, <span class="bibl">Plb.3.49.11</span>, <span class="title">Inscr.Délos</span>442 <span class="title">B</span>204, al. (ii B.C.); τὰ σπαρτία ἧττον πονέσει Arist.<span class="title">Mech.</span>l.c.; ῥίζαι πεπονηκυῖαι <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>3.7.1</span>; of buildings, <b class="b2">to be dilapidated</b>, PEnteux.6.3 (iii B.C.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> Pass., impers., <b class="b3">οὐκ ἄλλως αὐτοῖς πεπόνηται</b>, = [[πεπονήκασι]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>232a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> trans., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> c.acc. pers., [[afflict]], [[distress]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span> 4.151</span>, cj. in <span class="title">Anacreont.</span>33.14:—Pass., <b class="b2">to be afflicted</b> or <b class="b2">worn out, suffer greatly</b>, πεπονημένος ὀδύναις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>985</span> (anap.); πόλεως πονουμένης τῷ πολέμῳ <span class="bibl">Th.4.59</span>; τόν τε θνῄσκοντα καὶ τὸν πονούμενον <span class="bibl">Id.2.51</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> Pass., <b class="b2">to be trained</b> or [[educated]], <b class="b3">δοκεῖ ὁ κατ' ἀλήθειαν πολιτικὸς πεπονῆσθαι περὶ [τὴν ἀρετήν</b>] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1102a8</span>; πεπονημένην ἔχειν τὴν ἕξιν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1335b8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Theoc.13.14</span>; <b class="b3">πεπονημένον ὑπό μου</b> though he <b class="b2">owes his training</b> to me, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PCair.Zen.</span>378.16</span> (iii B.C.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. acc. rei, <b class="b2">gain by toil</b> or [[labour]], [<b class="b3">χρήματα</b>] <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>7.6.41</span>:—Pass., <b class="b2">to be won</b> or <b class="b2">achieved by toil</b>, καλὸν εἴ τι ποναθῇ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>6.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>9.93</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> Pass., of meats, <b class="b2">to be dressed, cooked</b>, <span class="bibl">Ptol.Euerg.9J.</span>, <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Mort.</span>24</span>; ἄρτος πεπονημένος <b class="b2">specially prepared</b>, <span class="bibl">Sor.1.94</span>.—The rule of <span class="bibl">Choerob. <span class="title">in Theod.</span>2.137</span> H., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">EM</span>130.3</span>, that when <b class="b3">πονέω</b> means [[toil]], the fut. and aor. are <b class="b3">πονήσω, ἐπόνησα</b>, when <b class="b2">suffer pain</b>, <b class="b3">πονέσω, ἐπόνεσα</b>, is not borne out by the examples (v. supr.).—The fut. Med. <b class="b3">κατα-πονήσομαι</b> is used as trans. by <span class="bibl">D.S.11.15</span>; so aor. Pass. <b class="b3">πονήθη</b> in <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).867.6 (Corc., vii/vi B.C.); and the intr. and trans. senses are united in <span class="title">Anacreont.</span> 33.14 (cj.), 15.</span>