θυμός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[soul]], [[spirit]], as <b class="b2">the principle of life, feeling and thought</b>, esp. [[of strong feeling and passion]] (rightly derived from <b class="b3">θύω</b> (B) by <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span> 419e</span> <b class="b3">ἀπὸ τῆς θύσεως καὶ ζέσεως τῆς ψυχῆς</b>): </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> in physical sense, [[breath]], [[life]], <b class="b3">θ. ἀπηύρα, ἀφελέσθαι, ἐξαίνυσθαι, ὀλέσαι</b>, freq. in Hom., <span class="bibl">Il.6.17</span>, <span class="bibl">5.852</span>, <span class="bibl">155</span>, <span class="bibl">1.205</span>: c. dupl. acc., ἄμφω θ. ἀπηύρα <span class="bibl">6.17</span>; ἐπεί κε… ῥεθέων ἐκ θ. ἕληται <span class="bibl">22.68</span>; <b class="b3">λίπε δ' ὀστέα θ</b>. <span class="bibl">12.386</span>; <b class="b3">ἀπὸ δ' ἔπτατο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Od.10.163</span>; ὀλίγος δ' ἔτι θ. ἐνῆεν <span class="bibl">Il.1.593</span>; μόγις δ' ἐσαγείρετο θυμόν <span class="bibl">21.417</span>; ἄψορρόν οἱ θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἀγέρθη <span class="bibl">4.152</span>; θυμοῦ καὶ ψυχῆς κεκαδών <span class="bibl">11.334</span>; of animals, <span class="bibl">3.294</span>, <span class="bibl">12.150</span>, etc.: less freq. in Trag., <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Ag.</span>1388</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ba.</span>620</span> (troch.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[spirit]], [[strength]], τείρετο δ' ἀνδρῶν θ. ὑπ' εἰρεσίης <span class="bibl">Od.10.78</span>; ἐν δέ τε θ. τείρεθ' ὁμοῦ καμάτῳ τε καὶ ἱδρῷ <span class="bibl">Il.17.744</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b3">πάτασσε δὲ θ. ἑκάστου</b> each man's [[heart]] beat high, <span class="bibl">23.370</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.216</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[soul]], as shown by the feelings and passions; and so, </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[desire]] or [[inclination]], esp. desire for meat and drink, [[appetite]], πιέειν ὅτε θ. ἀνώγοι <span class="bibl">Il.4.263</span>; πλησάμενος… θυμὸν ἐδητύος ἠδὲ ποτῆτος <span class="bibl">Od.17.603</span>: generally, τά με θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι κελεύει <span class="bibl">Il.7.68</span>; <b class="b3">βαλέειν δέ ἑ ἵετο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">8.301</span>; αἲ γάρ με μένος καὶ θ. ἀνείη <span class="bibl">22.346</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ἐποτρύνῃ [τινά</b>] <span class="bibl">Od.9.139</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ἐπέσσυταί τινι, ἐφορμᾶται</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.1.173</span>, <span class="bibl">13.73</span>; <b class="b3">ἤθελε θυμῷ</b> he wished <b class="b2">in his heart</b> or [[with all his heart]], <span class="bibl">16.255</span>, <span class="bibl">21.65</span>; ἵετο θυμῷ <span class="bibl">2.589</span>; so later <b class="b3">θυμῷ βουλόμενοι</b> wishing [[with all their heart]], <span class="bibl">Hdt. 5.49</span>; [ὄσσα ϝ] οι θ. κε θέλῃ γένεσθαι <span class="bibl">Sapph.<span class="title">Supp.</span>1.3</span>; θυμὸς ὥρμα <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">O.</span>3.25</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">38</span>; θυμὸς ἡδονὴν φέρει <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>286</span>; ὧν ἐρᾷ θυμός <span class="bibl">Herod.7.61</span>; τῶν σφι θ. ἦν μάλιστα <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.1</span>; ἄλλως σφι θ. ἐγένετο θεήσασθαι τὸν πόλεμον <span class="bibl">Id.8.116</span>, etc.: with Verb omitted, σὲ γάρ μοι θῦμος ὔμνην <span class="bibl">Alc. 5</span>; <b class="b3">ἄρχ' αὐτὸς ὥς σοι θ</b>. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>1319</span>; <b class="b3">ὅπου ὑμῖν θ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.37</span>; βῆξαι θυμός ἐγγίνεται <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Prog.</span>8</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[mind]], [[temper]], [[will]], <b class="b3">θ. πρόφρων, ἵλαος</b>, <span class="bibl">Il. 8.39</span>, <span class="bibl">9.639</span>; <b class="b3">θ. ὑπερφίαλος καὶ ἀπηνής, νηλέα θ. ἔχοντας, σιδήρεος θ</b>., <span class="bibl">15.94</span>, <span class="bibl">19.229</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.5.191</span>; <b class="b3">ἕνα θ. ἔχειν</b> to be of one [[mind]], <span class="bibl">Il.15.710</span>, etc.; οὐδὲ λύκοι τε καὶ ἄρνες ὁμόφρονα θ. ἔχουσιν <span class="bibl">22.263</span>; ἕτερος δέ με θ. ἔρυκε <span class="bibl">Od.9.302</span>; <b class="b3">ἐμὸν θ. ἔπειθεν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">33</span>; θωπείας κολακικάς, αἳ… τοὺς θ. ποιοῦσιν κηρίνους <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>633d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> [[spirit]], [[courage]], <b class="b3">μένος καὶ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.20.174</span>; θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι λαβεῖν <span class="bibl">Od.10.461</span>; <b class="b3">πᾶσιν δὲ παραὶ ποσὶ κάππεσε θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.15.280</span>; <b class="b3">ψῦχρος ἔγεντο θ</b>., of doves, Sapph.16; θ. ἔχειν ἀγαθόν <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.120</span>; θ. οὐκ ἀπώλεσεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>26</span>; ὁ θυμὸς εὐθὺς ἦν Ἀμυνίας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>570</span>; <b class="b3">ἴωμεν ῥώμῃ καὶ θυμῷ ἐπί</b>… <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.2.21</span>; φρονήματός τε καὶ θυμοῦ ἐμπίπλασθαι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>411c</span>: so in Philos., opp. <b class="b3">λόγος, ἐπιθυμία</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">440b</span>, al., cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1328a7</span>, <span class="bibl">1327b24</span>, Phld.<span class="title">Mus.</span>p.26K., etc.; personified, [[Passion]], [[Emotion]], opp. <b class="b3">Λογισμός</b>, <span class="bibl">Cleanth.Stoic.1.129</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> [[the seat of anger]], χωόμενον κατὰ θυμόν <span class="bibl">Il.1.429</span>; νεμεσιζέσθω ἐνὶ θυμῷ <span class="bibl">17.254</span>; θυμὸν ἐχώσατο <span class="bibl">16.616</span>, etc.: hence, [[anger]], [[wrath]], δάμασον θυμόν <span class="bibl">9.496</span>; <b class="b3">εἴξας ᾧ θυμῷ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">598</span>; θυμὸς μέγας ἐστὶ… βασιλήων <span class="bibl">2.196</span>; θ. ὀξύς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span> 1193</span>; θ. κρείσσων τῶν ἐμῶν βουλευμάτων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>1079</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">θυμῷ</b> f.l. for [[θυμοῦ]] in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>718</span>; οἱ τῷ θ. πραχθέντες φόνοι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>867b</span>; opp. <b class="b3">λογισμός</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.11</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ἐπανάγειν τὸν θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.160</span>; ἐκτείνειν <span class="bibl">And.3.31</span>; καταθέσθαι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>567</span>; δακεῖν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Nu.</span>1369</span>; θυμῷ χρᾶσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.137</span>, al.; ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ μεστοί <span class="bibl">Isoc.12.81</span> (so <b class="b3">τὴν ὀργὴν καὶ τὸν θ</b>., i.e. the outward manifestation of <b class="b3">ὀ</b>., Phld.<span class="title">Ir.</span>p.90W.); of horses, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 9.2</span>: pl. (not earlier than Pl., f.l. in <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>718</span> (lyr.)), <b class="b2">fits of anger, passions</b>, περὶ φόβων τε καὶ θυμῶν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>40e</span>; οἵ τε θ. καὶ αἱ κολάσεις <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>323e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1390a11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> [[the heart]], as the seat of the emotions, esp. joy or grief, <b class="b3">χαῖρε, γήθησε δὲ θυμῷ</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.14.156</span>, <span class="bibl">7.189</span>; θ. ἐνὶ στήθεσσι γεγήθει <span class="bibl">13.494</span>; μιν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θ. ἵκανεν <span class="bibl">2.171</span>; <b class="b3">ἄχνυτο θ</b>. <span class="bibl">14.39</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">δόκησε δ' ἄρα σφίσι θ. ὣς ἔμεν ὡς εἰ</b>… they felt as glad at [[heart]] as if... <span class="bibl">Od.10.415</span>; <b class="b3">μηδ' ὀνίαισι δάμνα… θ</b>. Sapph.1.4; of fear, δέος ἔμπεσε θυμῷ <span class="bibl">Il.17.625</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">8.138</span>; of love, τὴν ἐκ θυμοῦ φίλεον <span class="bibl">9.343</span>; ἐκ θυμοῦ στέργοισα <span class="bibl">Theoc.17.130</span>; <b class="b3">ἐμῷ κεχαρισμένε θυμῷ</b> my <b class="b2">heart's</b> beloved, <span class="bibl">Il.5.243</span>; reversely, <b class="b3">ἀπὸ θ. μᾶλλον ἐμοὶ ἔσεαι</b> wilt be alien from my [[heart]], <span class="bibl">1.562</span>; <b class="b3">ἐκ θ. πεσέειν</b>, i.e. to lose thy favour, <span class="bibl">23.595</span>; ἔρωτι θυμὸν ἐκπλαγεῖσα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>8</span>; ἐκ θ. κλαῦσαι Philet. 11. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> <b class="b2">mind, soul, as the seat of thought</b>, <b class="b3">ταῦθ' ὥρμαινε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">Il.1.193</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">ᾔδεε γὰρ κατὰ θ</b>. <span class="bibl">2.409</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.163</span>, etc.; φράζετο θυμῷ <span class="bibl">16.646</span>; ἐν θ. ἐβάλοντο ἔπος <span class="bibl">15.566</span>; τοὺς λόγους θυμῷ βάλε <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>706</span>; εἰς θ. βαλεῖν τι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>975</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐς θ. φέρω</b> I bring him not into my [[mind]] or [[thoughts]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>1347</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[spirit]], [[courage]], [[anger]], [[sense]] (Il.); on meaning and use in Hom. etc. Marg Charakter 47ff.; also Magnien REGr. 40, 117ff. (criticism by Wahrmann Glotta 19, 214f.).<br />Compounds: Many compp., e. g. <b class="b3">θυμο-βόρος</b> <b class="b2">eating the heart</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">θυμ-ηγερέων</b> <b class="b2">collecting ones spirit, coing to one-self</b> (η 283; Leumann Hom. Wörter 116 n. 83, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 349), <b class="b3">θυμαρής</b>, <b class="b3">θυμήρης</b> <b class="b2">delighting the heart</b> (Il.; Bechtel Lex. s. v., Leumann 66); <b class="b3">πρό-θυμος</b> (bahuvrihi) [[prepared]], [[willing]] (IA) with <b class="b3">προθυμία</b>, <b class="b3">-ίη</b> (Β 588) and <b class="b3">-έομαι</b> (IA).<br />Derivatives: Dimin. <b class="b3">θυμίδιον</b> (Ar. V. 878); adj. <b class="b3">θυμικός</b> and <b class="b3">θυμώδης</b> [[passionate]], [[vehement]] (Arist.); denomin. verbs: 1. [[θυμιάω]] <b class="b2">burn producing smoke</b> (s.v.) with <b class="b3">θυμίη</b> [[incense]]; 2. <b class="b3">θυμόομαι</b> [[get angry]] (IA), rarely <b class="b3">-όω</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E. Supp. 581), with <b class="b3">θύμωμα</b> [[being angry]] (A. Eu. 861, epigr.), <b class="b3">θύμωσις</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Cic. Tusc. 4, 9, 21); 3. <b class="b3">θυμαίνω</b> [[be angry]] (Hes. Sc. 262, Ar., A. R.).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [261] <b class="b2">*dheuH-</b> [[smoke]]<br />Etymology: Identical with Skt. <b class="b2">dhūmá-</b>, Lat. [[fūmus]], Lith. <b class="b2">dū́mai</b> (pl.), OCS [[dymъ]] [[smoke]]; the meaning [[smoke]] preserved in <b class="b3">θυμιάω</b>. On the meaning Chantraine Formation 134 with Ernout-Meillet s. [[fūmus]] . - A variant with short u seems impossible. Wit IE <b class="b2">ou-</b>diphthong one cites OHG [[toum]] [[steam]], [[vapour]]. Cf. 2. <b class="b3">θύω</b>. (DELG compares <b class="b3">θύω</b> 1 [[s]]élancer avec fureur', by mistake?)