σκέπτομαι: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="bibl">Il.17.652</span>, <span class="bibl">Thgn.1095</span>, and Ion., <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.37</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Prog.</span>2</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.7.92</span>; but Att. writers (before Arist.) hardly ever have the pres. and impf. <b class="b3">σκέπτομαι, ἐσκεπτόμην</b> (exc. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span>185b</span>, <span class="title">Alc.</span>2.140a; in <span class="bibl">Th.8.66</span>, Bauer restored plpf. <b class="b3">προὔσκεπτο</b>), but use <b class="b3">σκοπῶ</b> or <b class="b3">σκοποῦμαι</b> as pres., and take the other tenses from <b class="b3">σκέπτομαι</b>, fut. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> σκέψομαι <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 29</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.6.40</span>, etc.; aor. ἐσκεψάμην <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>229</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1028</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 206</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Th.6.38</span>, etc.; pf. ἔσκεμμαι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Heracl.</span>147</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">VM</span>24</span>, etc.: cf. [[σκοπέω]]:—but the pf. is used also in pass. sense, as also some other tenses, v. infr. <span class="bibl">11.4</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> [[look]] [[about carefully]], [[spy]], σκεψάμενος δ' ἐς νῆα θοὴν ἅμα καὶ μεθ' ἑταίρους <span class="bibl">Od. 12.247</span>; so σκέψασθε δ' ἐς τόνδ' <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hipp.</span>943</span>: c. acc., <b class="b3">σκέπτετ' ὀϊστῶν τε ῥοῖζον καὶ δοῦπον ἀκόντων</b> <b class="b2">he looked after</b> the whistling of the darts (so as to shun them), <span class="bibl">Il.16.361</span>; σκέπτεο δὴ νῦν ἄλλον <span class="bibl">Thgn.1095</span>; σκεπτόμενος τοὺς νεκρούς <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.37</span>; <b class="b3">σκέψαι . . βόστρυχον τριχός</b> <b class="b2">look well at</b> it, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>229</span>; τὴν ἔγχελυν <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>889</span>; κλόνον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>206</span> (lyr.); τὰ ἔνδον <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>4.4.8</span>; <b class="b3">τιν' ἐς δὲ μωρίαν ἐσκεμμένοι</b> <b class="b2">looking into you and seeing . .</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Heracl.</span>147</span>: folld. by an Interrog., σκέπτεο νῦν... αἴ κεν ἴδηαι <span class="bibl">Il.17.652</span>; σ. πόθεν ἡ στάσις, ἢ τίς ὁ θρύλλος <span class="bibl">Batr.135</span>; τί εἴη τὸ κωλῦον <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.5.20</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ εἴη ἴχνη ἀνθρώπων</b> ib.<span class="bibl">7.3.42</span>: abs., [[look at]], [[examine]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.196</span>; <b class="b3">σκέψασθε, παῖδες</b> [[look]], lads! <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>419</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[examine]], τῷ δακτύλῳ τι <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Nat.Mul.</span>7</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> later of the mind, [[view]], [[examine]], [[consider]], σκέψασθε . . τὴν τύχην δυοῖν βροτοῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1028</span>; σκέψαι δὲ τοῦτο πρῶτον <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">OT</span>584</span>; ὃ πολλάκις ἐσκεψάμην <span class="bibl">Th.6.38</span>, etc.; τὸ δίκαιον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>494</span>; <b class="b3">μηδὲν ἐσκέφθαι δίκ</b>. <span class="bibl">D.21.192</span>; πρὸς ἑαυτόν τι <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>95e</span>; <b class="b3">ἐκ τῶνδε σκέψαι</b> [[from]] these facts, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.6.38</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">D.2.17</span>; περί τινος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">La.</span>185c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cra.</span>401a</span>; <b class="b3">σκέψασθαι ἀπὸ τῶν παίδων</b> [[judge]] by what children do, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>576</span>; ἐν σοὶ σκεψώμεθα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Sph.</span> 239b</span>: abs., σκέψασθέ νυν ἄμεινον <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>1291</span>; σκεψώμεθα δή <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span> 802</span>; <b class="b3">σκέψασθε δέ·</b> <b class="b2">only consider</b>, to call people's attention to a point, <span class="bibl">Antipho 6.41</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.143</span>: folld. by a clause with <b class="b3">οἷος, ὁποῖος, ὡς</b>, <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Pr.</span>1014</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>1077</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IA</span>1377</span>, etc.; by <b class="b3">ὅτῳ τρόπῳ</b>, <span class="bibl">Th.1.107</span>; by <b class="b3">πῶς... πόθεν... πότερον . . ἤ . .</b>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.5.22</span>, <span class="bibl">5.4.7</span>, <span class="bibl">3.2.20</span>, etc.; by <b class="b3">εἰ</b>, [[consider]] whether or no, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>442</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span> 29</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Eq.</span>1141</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.2.22</span>; in full, σ. τοῦτο, εἰ . . <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>584</span>; τί ἐστιν ἡ ἀρετὴ σκεπτόμεθα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1103b28</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> rarely, [[think]] or [[deem]] a thing to be so and so, καλλίω θάνατον σκεψάμενος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>854c</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">think of beforehand, provide</b>, σκεπτόμεθα τἀναγκαῖ' ἑκάστης ἡμέρας <span class="bibl">Philem.120</span>; τὸ συμφέρον <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>342a</span>; [[prepare]], [[premeditate]], λόγους <span class="bibl">D.24.158</span>; εἴ τι χρήσιμον ἐσκεμμένος ἥκει <span class="bibl">Id.1.1</span>: c. inf., [[plan]], <span class="bibl">Th.8.63</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> pf. in pass. sense, <b class="b3">πάντα ἐσκεμμένα ἡτοίμασται</b> <b class="b2">with consideration</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.7.62</span>; <b class="b3">σκοπεῖτε οὖν</b>. Answ. ἔσκεπται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>369b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>3.3.8</span>, <span class="bibl">D.21.191</span>, <span class="bibl">61.7</span>: also 3 fut. Pass. ἐσκέψεται <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>392c</span>; aor. <b class="b3">ἐσκέφθην, ες τὸ σκεφθῆναι</b> for [[observation]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">de Arte</span> 11</span>; aor. 2 and fut. <span class="bibl">2</span> <b class="b3">ἐσκέπην</b> (ἐπ-) <b class="b3">, σκεπήσομαι</b> (ἐπι-), <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Nu.</span>1.19</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ki.</span>20.18</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to look around, to look back, to spy, to contemplate, to consider, to survey</b> (Il; Att. has fo it <b class="b3">σκοπέω</b>, <b class="b3">-έομαι</b>; s. below)<br />Other forms: Aor. <b class="b3">σκέψασθαι</b> (Od.), fut. <b class="b3">σκέψομαι</b>, perf. <b class="b3">ἔσκεμμαι</b> (IA.), aor. pass. <b class="b3">σκεφθῆναι</b> (Hp.), <b class="b3">σκεπ-ῆναι</b> w. fut. <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b> (LXX).<br />Compounds: Often w. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">προ-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b> a. o.<br />Derivatives: A. With <b class="b3">ε-</b>vowel: 1. <b class="b3">σκέψις</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b> σκέπτομαι a.o.) [[contemplation]], [[deliberation]], [[examination]] (IA.). 2. <b class="b3">σκέμ-μα</b> (rarely w. <b class="b3">δια-</b> a. o.) [[examination]], [[problem]] (Hp., Pl. a. o.). 3. <b class="b3">σκεπτ-οσύνη</b> f. = <b class="b3">σκέψις</b> (Timo, Cerc.). 4. <b class="b3">-ήριον</b> n. [[test]] (Man.). 5. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b> σκέπτομαι) [[cogitating]], [[revising]], <b class="b3">οἱ</b> σκέπτομαι name of a philos. sect (hell. a. late). B. With <b class="b3">ο-</b>ablaut: 1. <b class="b3">σκοπός</b> m. (f.) <b class="b2">spy, guard, scout; goal, purpose</b> (Il.) with hypostases: <b class="b3">ἐπί-σκοπος</b>, adv. <b class="b3">-α</b> <b class="b2">hitting the goal</b> (Hdt., trag., late), <b class="b3">ἀπό-σκοπος</b> <b class="b2">missing the goal</b> (Emp.); <b class="b3">σκόπ-ιμος</b> [[purposive]], [[appropriate]] (late; Arbenz 97); as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">οἰωνο-σκόπος</b> m. <b class="b2">bird-watcher</b> with <b class="b3">-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-ία</b>, <b class="b3">-ικός</b>, <b class="b3">-εῖον</b> (E., hell. a. late). 2. To the prefixcompp.: <b class="b3">ἐπί-</b>, <b class="b3">κατά-</b>, <b class="b3">πρό-σκοπος</b> m. <b class="b2">spy, supervisor, foresighted etc.</b> (Hom., Pi., IA.). 3. <b class="b3">σκοπή</b> (<b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b> a. o.) f., the spying, watch-tower' (Att. etc.) with <b class="b3">σκοπάω</b> (Ar. Fr. 854). 4. <b class="b3">σκοπιά</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ιή</b> f. <b class="b2">mountain-, castle-watching-place, mountain-summit, watch-tower</b> (ep. Ion. poet. Il., also hell. a. late prose; favoured by the metre, Scheller Oxytonierung 82 f.) with <b class="b3">σκοπ-ιήτης</b> m. <b class="b2">summit dweller</b> = <b class="b3">Πάν</b> (Paus.), <b class="b3">-ιάζω</b> (<b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>) <b class="b2">to spy, to look out</b> (ep. Il.), <b class="b3">-ιάομαι</b> <b class="b2">to percieve</b> (Il.; only w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>). 5. <b class="b3">σκοπέω</b>, <b class="b3">-έομαι</b> iterat.-intensive to <b class="b3">σκέπτομαι</b> (Pi., IA.), non-pres. forms late: <b class="b3">σκοπ-ῆσαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ήσασθαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ήσω</b>, <b class="b3">-ήσομαι</b>, <b class="b3">ἐσκόπημαι</b>. 6. <b class="b3">σκοπεύω</b> (<b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>), prob. second. for <b class="b3">σκοπέω</b> (Schwyzer 732; X., LXX, pap. etc.) with <b class="b3">σκόπ-ευσις</b>, <b class="b3">-ευτής</b> (Aq.), <b class="b3">-εῖα</b> n. pl. (Procl.). -- S. also [[σκόπελος]] and [[σκώψ]].<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [984] <b class="b2">*speḱ-</b> [[see sharply]], [[spy]]<br />Etymology: As old yot-present <b class="b3">σκέπτομαι</b> stands with metathesis (Schwyzer 268) for <b class="b3">*σπέκ-ι̯ομαι</b>, which is identical with Lat. [[speciō]], Av. [[spasyeiti]] and (except for anl. <b class="b2">s-</b>) with Skt. <b class="b2">páśyati</b> [[see]]. The aor. <b class="b3">σκέψασθαι</b> too can in the same way be identified with Lat. [[spexī]] ; in both cases we have however to do with innovations against the suppletive Skt. <b class="b2">ádarśam</b>, 3. pl. <b class="b2">ádr̥śan</b> (s. <b class="b3">δέρκομαι</b>). Through the iterative-intensive <b class="b3">σκοπέω</b>, <b class="b3">-έομαι</b> a new opposition was created in Greek to <b class="b3">σκέψασθαι</b> etc. in the same way as Skt. <b class="b2">pásyati</b> : <b class="b2">ádarśam</b>, <b class="b3">ὁράω</b> : <b class="b3">εἶδον</b>. -- Semant. and phonetic identity is also found in <b class="b3">σκοπός</b> and Skt. <b class="b2">spaśa-</b> [[spy]], which is enlarged from <b class="b2">spaś-</b> (s. below; Wackernagel-Debrunner II : 2, 90); to this further OWNo. [[spār]] [[predicting]] from PGm. <b class="b2">*spaha-</b> (IE <b class="b2">*spóḱo-</b>). Thus <b class="b3">σκοπή</b> agrees, but for the accent, with OWNo. [[spā]] f. [[prophesy]] from PGm. <b class="b2">*spahō</b> (IE <b class="b2">*spóḱa</b>). Greek does not have the old root noun Skt. <b class="b2">spaś-</b>, Av. <b class="b2">spas-</b> [[spy]], Lat. <b class="b2">haru-spex</b> a. o., from which <b class="b3">σκέπτομαι</b> etc. prob. arose as denominative. -- Further details w. lit. in WP. 2, 659f., Pok. 984, W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. [[speciō]]. NGr. forms in Caratzas Glotta 33, 322 ff.