ἵππος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[horse]], ἡ, [[mare]], most freq. fem. in Poets; in full θήλεες ἵπποι <span class="bibl">Il.5.269</span>; ἵπποι θήλειαι <span class="bibl">11.680</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.4.635</span>; ἄρσενες ἵπποι <span class="bibl">13.81</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.86</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Hp.Ma.</span>288b</span>: pl., <b class="b3">ἵπποι</b> <b class="b2">team of chariot-horses</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.16.370</span>, al.: freq. in dual, <span class="bibl">5.237</span>, <span class="bibl">8.41</span>, al.: hence, of <b class="b2">the chariot</b> itself, <b class="b3">ἀφ' ἵπποιιν, ἀφ' ἵππων</b>, from <b class="b2">the chariot</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.5.13</span>,<span class="bibl">19</span>,al.; <b class="b3">καθ' ἵππων ἆλτο, ἐξ ἵππων βῆσε</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">111</span>,<span class="bibl">163</span>; <b class="b3">ἵππων ἐπιβησόμενος</b> intending to mount <b class="b2">his chariot</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">46</span>; opp. πεζοί, πλῆτο δὲ πᾶν πεδίον πεζῶν τε καὶ ἵππων <span class="bibl">Od.14.267</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.49</span>; ἵπποι τε καὶ ἀνέρες <span class="bibl">Il.2.554</span>; λαός τε καὶ ἵπποι <span class="bibl">18.153</span>; of riders, νῶθ' ἵππων ἐπιβάντες ἐθύνεον <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>286</span>; freq. of race-horses, ἵ. ἀκαμαντόποδες <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>3.4</span>; ἀελλόποδες <span class="bibl">Simon.7</span>; ἀθληταί <span class="bibl">Lys.19.63</span>: metaph., <b class="b3">ἁλὸς ἵ</b>., of ships, <span class="bibl">Od.4.708</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Secund. <span class="title">Sent.</span>17</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> the constellation <span class="title">Pegasus</span>, Eudox. ap. <span class="bibl">Hipparch.1.2.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Ptol.<span class="title">Tetr.</span>27</span>, <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.12.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> title of Hecate in the Mithraic cult, <span class="bibl">Porph.<span class="title">Abst.</span>4.16</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> perh. an instrument of torture, Lat. [[eculeus]], <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Luc.</span>20</span>(pl.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> as Collective Noun, <b class="b3">ἵππος, ἡ</b>, [[horse]], [[cavalry]], <b class="b3">ἡ τῶν Θεσσαλῶν ἵ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.64</span>, etc.: always in sg., even with numerals, <b class="b3">ἵ. χιλίη</b> a thousand [[horse]], <span class="bibl">Id.7.41</span>; <b class="b3">μυρίη</b> ibid.; <b class="b3">μυρία, τρισμυρία</b>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>302</span>,<span class="bibl">315</span>; <b class="b3">ἡ διακοσία ἵ</b>. <span class="bibl">Th.1.62</span>; ἵππον ἔχω εἰς χιλίαν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.6.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b2">a sea-fish</b>, Antim. et Numen. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath. 7.304e</span>; but <b class="b3">ὁ ἵ. ὁ ποτάμιος</b> <b class="b2">the hippopotamus</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.2.71</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span> 502a9</span>; ὁ ἵ. τοῦ Νείλου <span class="bibl">Ach.Tat.4.2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> <b class="b2">lewd woman</b>, <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span> 4.11</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">pudenda muliebria et virilia</b>, Hsch. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> [[a complaint of the eyes]], such that they are always winking, Gal.16.611,al. (also in Hp., acc. to [Gal.]19.436). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> title of ministrants ('chuckersout') in certain religious ceremonies, <span class="title">IG</span>22.1368.144 (Athens, ii A.D.), 3.1280a. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VII</span> in compds., to express <b class="b2">anything large</b> or [[coarse]], as in our <b class="b2">horse-chestnut, horse-laugh</b>, v. [[ἱππό-κρημνος]], -λάπαθον, -μάραθον, -πορνος, -σέλινον, -τυφία, and cf. <b class="b3">βου-</b>. (From <b class="b3">ἴκϝος</b>, v. [[ἴκκος]]; cf. Skt. [[aśvas]], Lat. [[equus]]: the <b class="b3">ἴ-</b> (in place of <b class="b2">e-</b>) and the aspirate are unexplained; the latter acc. to Gell.2.3.2 was confined to Attic; cf. <b class="b3">Λεύκ-ιππος, Γλαύκ-ιππος</b>.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m. f.<br />Meaning: [[horse]], [[mare]] (Il.), collective f. [[cavalry]] (IA)<br />Dialectal forms: Myk. [[iqo]], [[iqija]] [[chariot]]<br />Compounds: Very often in compp.: bahuvrihi (<b class="b3">λεύκ-ιππος</b>), governing compp. (<b class="b3">ἱππό-δαμ-ος</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππ-ηλά-της</b>), determin. compp. (<b class="b3">ἱππο-τοξότης</b>); with transformed 2. member (<b class="b3">ἱππο-πόταμος</b>, <b class="b3">ἵππ-αγρος</b> for <b class="b3">ἵππος ποτάμιος</b>, <b class="b3">ἄγριος</b>, Risch IF 59, 287; <b class="b3">ἱππο-κορυστής</b>, s. <b class="b3">κόρυς</b>); with metr. conditioned <b class="b3">ἱππιο-</b> for <b class="b3">ἱππο-</b> in <b class="b3">ἱππιο-χαίτης</b>, <b class="b3">-χάρμης</b> (ep.). As 1. member also augmentative, esp in plant-names (<b class="b3">ἱππο-λάπαθον</b> a. o., Strömberg Pflanzennamen 30).<br />Derivatives: A. Substantives: diminut. <b class="b3">ἱππάριον</b> (X.), <b class="b3">ἱππίσκος</b> <b class="b2">(small) statue of a horse</b> (Samos IVa) etc., <b class="b3">ἱππίδιον</b> as fishname (Epich.; Strömberg Fischnamen 100). - <b class="b3">ἱππότης</b> m. <b class="b2">horse-, chariot-driver</b> (Il.; in Homer always <b class="b3">ἱππότα</b> with voc. = nom.; see Risch Sprachgesch. und Wortbed. 389ff), f. <b class="b3">ἱππότις</b> (Nonn.); <b class="b3">ἱππεύς</b> <b class="b2">horse-driver, chariot-fighter</b> (Il.), [[cavalrist]] (Sapph., A., Hdt.), [[knight]] as social class (Hdt., Ar., Arist.); from there <b class="b3">ἱππεύω</b>, s. C.; also as name of a comet like <b class="b3">ἱππίας</b> (Plin., Apul.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 107); <b class="b3">ἱππών</b> [[stable]] (Att. inscr., X.); <b class="b3">ἱππάκη</b> <b class="b2">cheese of mare-milk</b> (Hp.), also plant-name (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 136; formation like <b class="b3">ἐριθάκη</b>, <b class="b3">ἁλωνάκη</b> a. o.); <b class="b3">ἵππερος</b> "horse-fever" (Ar., like <b class="b3">ἴκτερος</b>, <b class="b3">ὕδερος</b>); <b class="b3">ἱπποσύνη</b> <b class="b2">art of driving, cavalry</b> (Il.; Urs Wyss Die Wörter auf <b class="b3">-σύνη</b> 23 u. 49). - B. Adjectives: <b class="b3">ἱππάς</b> f. <b class="b2">belonging to a horse, status and census of the knights in Athens</b> (Hp., Arist.); <b class="b3">ἵππειος</b> <b class="b2">belonging to a horse</b> (Il.); <b class="b3">ἵππιος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Alc., Pi., trag.), often as epithet of gods (Poseidon, Athena etc.); from there <b class="b3">Ίππιών</b> <b class="b2">as month-name (Eretria); ἱππικός `id.</b> (IA; Chantraine Et. sur le vocab. gr. 141); <b class="b3">ἱππώδης</b> <b class="b2">horse-like</b> (X.). - C. Verbs: 1. <b class="b3">ἱππάζομαι</b>, also with <b class="b3">ἀφ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐφ-</b>, <b class="b3">καθ-</b> a. o., <b class="b2">drive horses, serve as riding-horse</b> (Il.) with <b class="b3">ἱππασία</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππάσιμος</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππαστήρ</b>, <b class="b3">-άστρια</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππαστής</b>, <b class="b3">-αστικός</b>, <b class="b3">ἵππασμα</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππασμός</b>. 2. <b class="b3">ἱππεύω</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (IA), prop. from <b class="b3">ἱππεύς</b>, but also referring to <b class="b3">ἵππος</b> (Schwyzer 732), also with prefix, e. g. <b class="b3">ἀφ-</b>, <b class="b3">καθ-</b>, <b class="b3">παρ-</b>, <b class="b3">συν-</b>; from there <b class="b3">ἱππευτήρ</b>, <b class="b3">-τής</b>, <b class="b3">ἱππεία</b>, <b class="b3">ἵππευσις</b>, <b class="b3">ἵππευμα</b>; details in Boßhardt Die Nom. auf <b class="b3">-ευς</b> 34f. - Further endless proper-names, both full- and short-names (<b class="b3">Ίππόλυτος</b>, <b class="b3">Ίππίας</b>, <b class="b3">Ι῝ππη</b> etc.etc.). See E. Delebecque Le cheval dans l'Iliade. Paris 1951.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [301] <b class="b2">*h₁eḱuos</b> [[horse]]<br />Etymology: Inherited word for [[horse]], e. g. Skt. <b class="b2">áśva-</b>, Lat. [[equus]], Venet. acc. [[ekvon]], Celt., e. g. OIr. [[ech]], Germ., e. g. OE [[eoh]], OLith. [[ešva]] [[mare]], Toch. B [[yakwe]], perh. also Thrac. PN <b class="b3">Βετεσπιος</b>, give IE <b class="b2">*h₁eḱu̯os</b>; further HLuw. [[aśuwa]], Lyc. [[esbe]]. From this form we expect Gr. <b class="b3">*ἔππος</b> or <b class="b3">*ἔκκος</b> (s. Schwyzer 301). A form with geminate is indeed found in <b class="b3">ἴκκος</b> (EM 474, 12), <b class="b3">Ἴκκος</b> PN (Tarent., Epid.); s. Lejeune, Phonétique 72. (With <b class="b3">ἴκκος</b> : <b class="b3">ἵππος</b> cf. Pannonian PN [[Ecco]], [[Eppo]].) A problem is the <b class="b3">ἰ-</b>; one suggestion was that it is Mycenaean; Cf. W.-Hofmann s. [[equus]], Schwyzer 351. The aspiration is also difficult. - There is no further explanation for the word (connection e.g. with <b class="b3">ὠκύς</b> cannot be demonstrated).