σπεύδω: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ep.inf. <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> σπευδέμεν <span class="bibl">Od.24.324</span>: fut. σπεύσω <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>153</span> (lyr.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>926</span>, etc.; Cret. σπευσίω <span class="title">SIG</span>527.42 (iii B.C.): aor. ἔσπευσα <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>161</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cri.</span>45c</span>, etc.; Ep. σπεῦσα <span class="bibl">Od.9.250</span>; subj. <b class="b3">σπεύσομεν</b>, for <b class="b3">-ωμεν</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.17.121</span>: pf. ἔσπευκα <span class="title">Annuario</span> 8/9.375 (Perga, ii B.C.), <span class="bibl">Paus.7.15.11</span>:—Med., <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>151</span> (lyr.): fut. σπεύσομαι <span class="bibl">Il.15.402</span>:— Pass., pf. ἔσπευσμαι <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Am.</span>33</span>, Gal.12.895. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> trans., <b class="b2">set going, urge on, hasten</b>, ταῦτα δ' ἅμα χρὴ σπεύδειν <span class="bibl">Il.13.236</span>; οἱ δὲ γάμον σπεύδουσιν <span class="bibl">Od.19.137</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.38</span>; <b class="b3">παῦσαι σπεύδων τὰ σπεύδεις</b> ib.<span class="bibl">206</span>; σ. ἀθλίαν ὁδόν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1226</span>; <b class="b3">σ. οἱ μὲν ἴγδιν, οἱ δὲ σίλφιον, οἱ δ' ὄξος</b> <b class="b2">procure quickly, get ready</b>, <span class="bibl">Sol.39</span>; κλίμακας <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>1352</span>; <b class="b3">σπευσίω ὅτι κα δύναμαι κακὸν τᾷ πόλει</b> <span class="title">SIG</span>l.c. (in <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.46</span>, <b class="b3">Δημοκρίτου σπεύσαντος</b>, an acc. must be supplied). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b2">seek eagerly, strive after</b>, <b class="b3">μηδὲν ἄγαν σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Thgn.335</span>,<span class="bibl">401</span>; <b class="b3">σ. βίον ἀθάνατον, μακροτέραν ἀρετάν</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>3.62</span>,<span class="bibl"><span class="title">I.</span>4(3).13(31)</span>; εὐψυχίαν ἀντ' εὐβουλίας <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>161</span>; τὴν ἡγεμονίαν <span class="bibl">Th.5.16</span>; χάριν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>1175</span>; πόλεμον τέκνοις <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">HF</span>1133</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> [[promote]] or [[further zealously]], [[press]] or [[urge on]], τι τῶν φέρει φρήν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Supp.</span>599</span> (lyr.); τὸ σὸν σ. ἅμα καὶ τοὐμόν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>251</span>; τὸ σὸν ἀγαθόν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>120</span>(lyr.); <b class="b3">τὸ ἐφ' ἑαυτὸν ἕκαστος σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Th.1.141</span>; σ. ἀσπούδαστ' ἐπὶ σοὶ δαίμων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>201</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">τὰ ἐναντία τῇ ἑαυτῶν ὠφελείᾳ σ</b>. <span class="bibl">And.2.2</span>; in arguing, <b class="b3">σεαυτῷ τὰ ἐναντία σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>361a</span>; <b class="b3">σ. τοῦτο, ὅπως</b> . . <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lg.</span>687e</span>; μὴ σπεῦδ' ἃ μὴ δεῖ, μηδ' ἃ δεῖ σπεύδειν μένε <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>344</span>: c. dat., <b class="b3">οἱ Χαιρέᾳ σπεύδοντες</b> the [[partisans of]] Chaereas, <span class="bibl">Charito 6.1</span>: <b class="b3">ἐς τὰ Ἑλλήνων σ</b>. <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">VA</span>5.8</span>: folld. by a conj., εἰς τοὺς πλουσίους σπεύσω σ' ὅπως ἂν ἐγγραφῇς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span>926</span>:—Med., σπευδομένα θυσίαν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>151</span> (lyr.): —Pass., ξυνὸν πᾶσι ἀγαθὸν σπεύδεται <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.53</span>; <b class="b3">ἐσπευσμέναι χρεῖαι</b> [[pressing]] needs, <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Am.</span>33</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. acc. et inf., <b class="b3">σπεύσατε . . Τεῦκρον ἐν τάχει μολεῖν</b> [[urge]] him to come quickly, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>804</span>; <b class="b3">σπεῦσον . . κάπετόν τιν' ἰδεῖν</b> [[hasten]] to look out for... ib.<span class="bibl">1165</span> (anap.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> more freq. intr., [[press on]], [[hasten]]. διὰ δρυμὰ πυκνὰ καὶ ὕλην σπεύδουσ' <span class="bibl">Il.11.119</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">8.191</span>, <span class="bibl">23.414</span>, <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Sc.</span>228</span>; <b class="b3">σ. ἀπὸ ῥυτῆρος</b> with loose rein, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>900</span>; δρόμῳ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1556</span>; πεζῇ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>3.4.49</span>, etc.; <b class="b2">exert oneself, strive eagerly</b> or [[anxiously]], of warriors fighting, <span class="bibl">Il.4.232</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">8.293</span>, etc.; of a smith at work, <span class="bibl">18.373</span>; of beasts of draught, <span class="bibl">17.745</span>; of bees working, <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Th.</span>597</span>: prov., ὅταν σπεύδῃ τις αὐτὸς χὠ θεὸς συνάπτεται <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>742</span> (troch.); <b class="b3">σπεῦδε βραδέως</b> [[festina lente]], Gell.10.11.5; <b class="b3">σ. τινί</b> <b class="b2">exert oneself for</b> another, <span class="bibl">Alex.309</span>:—Construct., </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> c. part., <b class="b3">σπεῦσε πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα</b> (for <b class="b3">σπουδαίως ἐπονήσατο</b>) <span class="bibl">Od.9.250</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>935</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>761</span> (anap.), <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>179</span>: reversely, <b class="b3">σπεύδων</b> [[in haste]], [[eagerly]], τὼ δὲ σπεύδοντε πετέσθην <span class="bibl">Il.23.506</span>; ἵκετο σπεύδων <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">P.</span>4.95</span>; εἰς ἀρθμὸν ἐμοὶ . . σπεύδων σπεύδοντί ποθ' ἥξει <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>193</span> (anap.); σ. ἐβοήθει <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>4.3.1</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> c. inf., [[to be eager to]]... Hes <span class="title">Op.</span>22,673, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>4.11(14)</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>9.21</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>601</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.41</span>; σῴζειν θέλοντας ἄνδρα γ' ὃς σπεύδῃ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>812</span>:—Med., σπευδομένα ἀφελεῖν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>360</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> c. acc. et inf., [[to be anxious that]]... εἰρήνην ἑωυτοῖσι γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.74</span>; ἔσπευδεν εἶναι μὴ μάχας <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pax</span>672</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prt.</span>361a</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ λεκτικοὺς γίγνεσθαι τοὺς συνόντας οὐκ ἔσπ</b>. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.3.1</span>: also ἔσπευσεν τοῦ διατηρηθῆναι τὴν εὐφημίαν αὐτοῖς <span class="title">IG</span>22.1028.83. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> folld. by <b class="b3">ὡς, ὅπως</b>, etc., σ. ὡς Ζεὺς μήποτ' ἄρξειεν <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>205</span>; <b class="b3">σ. ὅπως μὴ</b> . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>480b</span>; <b class="b3">ἵνα... ἵνα μὴ</b>... <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Plt.</span>264a</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc.4.164</span>; <b class="b3">ὥστε μή</b>, c. inf., <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">Od.</span>57</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> folld. by a Prep., <b class="b3">σ. μάχην ἐς</b> [[show eagerness]] for... <span class="bibl">Il.4.225</span> (Med., <b class="b3">σπεύσομαι εἰς Ἀχιλῆα, ἵνα</b> . . [[hasten]], <span class="bibl">15.402</span>); εἰς ἄφενος σπεύδειν <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>24</span>; εἰς ἀρετήν <span class="bibl">Thgn.403</span>; ἐς θαλάμους <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Hipp.</span>182</span> (anap.); ἐς τὰ πράγματα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ion</span>599</span>, etc.; εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἡμῖν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.4</span>; δώματος εἴσω <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Med.</span>100</span> (anap.); ἐπί τι <span class="bibl">Lycurg.57</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ Πατρόκλοιο θανόντος</b> [[struggle]] for him, <span class="bibl">Il.17.121</span>; ὑπέρ τινος <span class="title">IG</span>12(9).903 (Chalcis, ii B.C.); πρός τινα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">V.</span>1026</span>, etc.; also σ. ὁδόν <span class="title">IG</span>14.1729. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">6</span> with Adv., σ. οἷ θέλεις <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>334</span>; δεῦρο <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>179</span>; ἔνθα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.8.14</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">7</span> <b class="b2">to be troubled in mind, harassed</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Ex.</span>15.15</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ki.</span>28.21</span>, al. (Cf. <b class="b3">σπουδή, σπούδαξ</b>, Lith. [[spáudžiu]] 'press'.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to hurry, to hasten, to strive, to exert oneself</b>, trans. <b class="b2">to drive, to quicken, to ply, to aspire after</b>.<br />Other forms: Aor. <b class="b3">σπεῦσαι</b>, fut. <b class="b3">σπεύσομαι</b> (Il.), <b class="b3">σπεύσω</b> (E. a.o.), <b class="b3">σπευσίω</b> (Cret.), perf. <b class="b3">ἔσπευκα</b> (hell.), rare midd. <b class="b3">σπεύ-δομαι</b> (A.), pass. <b class="b3">ἔσπευσμαι</b> (late),<br />Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. <b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συ-</b>. Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">κενό-σπουδ-ος</b> <b class="b2">seriously prosecuting frivolities</b> with <b class="b3">-έω</b>, <b class="b3">-ία</b> (hell.). -- 2. <b class="b3">κατάσπευ-σις</b> (: <b class="b3">κατα-σπεύδω</b>) f. [[hurry]] (Thd.; <b class="b3">σπεῦσις</b> Gloss.), <b class="b3">σπευσ-τός</b> (Phryn.), <b class="b3">-τικός</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>) [[hurried]] (Arist., Eust.).<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">σπουδ-ή</b> f. <b class="b2">haste, zeal, labour, seriousness, good will</b> (Il.), with <b class="b3">-αιος</b> [[zealous]], [[striving]], [[serious]], [[good]] (IA) with <b class="b3">-αιότης</b> f. (Pl. Def., LXX a. o.), <b class="b3">-αξ ἀλετρίβανος</b> H. (cf. below); <b class="b3">-άζω</b> (<b class="b3">ἐπι-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">συ-</b> a. o.) <b class="b2">to be quick, to carry on seriously, etc.</b> (IA) with <b class="b3">-ασμα</b>, <b class="b3">-ασμάτιον</b>, <b class="b3">-ασμός</b>, <b class="b3">-αστής</b>, <b class="b3">-αστός</b>, <b class="b3">-αστικός</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [998f] <b class="b2">*speud-</b> [[press]], [[do emphatically]], [[hurry]].<br />Etymology: Through the maintenance of the <b class="b3">ου-</b>diphthong <b class="b3">σπουδή</b> proves to be an old derivation (cf. Schwyzer 347); the primary <b class="b3">σπεύδω</b> on the opposite has resisted any vowelchange. -- Good formal and semantic agreement shows Lith. <b class="b2">spáusti</b> (< <b class="b2">*spáud-ti</b>), with pres. <b class="b2">spáudžiu</b> [[press]], [[squeeze]], also [[push]], [[drive on]], intr. [[hutty]]. A trace of the meaning [[push]] has also been supposed in <b class="b3">σπούδαξ</b> = <b class="b3">ἀλετρίβανος</b>, [[pestle of a mortar]] (*"oppressor"; Fick BB 29, 197). The inf. <b class="b2">spáus-ti</b> can be equated with <b class="b3">σπεύδ-ω</b>, but the pres. <b class="b2">spáudžiu</b> can as well be an old iterative IE <b class="b2">*spoudéiō</b>. With <b class="b3">σπουδή</b> agrees formally <b class="b2">spaudà</b> f. [[pressure]], [[literature]]. Beside it with <b class="b2">ū-</b>vowel <b class="b2">spūdà</b> f. [[throng]], [[urgency]], [[pressure]] and <b class="b2">spūdė́ti</b> <b class="b2">be oppressed, thrust down, pain oneself, meddle</b>. With zero grade also Alb. <b class="b2">punë</b> [[work]], [[business]], if from <b class="b2">*spud-nā</b>. Arm. <b class="b2">p'oyt`</b>, gen. <b class="b2">p'ut`oy</b> (<b class="b2">o-</b>stem) [[zeal]] however gives problems both in the an- and auslaut; cf. Lidén GHÅ 39 [1933] : 2, 49; also Hiersche Ten. aspiratae 237. -- Hypothetic further combinations with rich lit. in WP. 2, 659, Pok. 998 f. (esp. Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205ff.) and Fraenkel s. <b class="b2">spaudà</b>; older lit. also in Bq.