ἕσπερος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ον (v. sub fin.), <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[of]] or [[at evening]], <b class="b3">[ἀστὴρ] ἕ</b>. the [[evening]]-star, <span class="bibl">Il.22.318</span>; opp.<b class="b3">ἑῷος ἀστήρ</b>,<span class="title">AP</span>7.670 (Pl.); prov., οὔθ' ἕσπερος οὔθ' ἑῷος οὕτω θαυμαστός <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1129b28</span> : as Subst., without <b class="b3">ἀστήρ</b>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span> 1149</span>, <span class="bibl">Bion<span class="title">Fr.</span>8.1</span> ; ἔσπερε πάντα φέρων ὄσα φαίνολις ἐσκέδασ' αὔως Sapph.95 ; esp. of the planet Venus, <span class="bibl">Eratosth.<span class="title">Cat.</span>43</span>, <span class="bibl">Cic.<span class="title">ND</span>2.20.53</span> ; also ἕ. σελάνας φάος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10(11).73</span> ; <b class="b3">ἕ. θεός</b> the god [[of darkness]], i.e. Hades or death, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>178</span>(lyr.); like [[ἑσπέριος]], joined with a Verb, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">h.Hom.</span>19.14</span> ; <b class="b3">ἕ. γίγνεται</b>, of the planet Venus, <span class="bibl">Ti.Locr.96e</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> as Subst., [[evening]], μέλας ἐπὶ ἕσπερος ἦλθε <span class="bibl">Od.1.423</span> ; <b class="b3">μένον δ' ἐπὶ ἕσπερον ἐλθεῖν</b> waited the coming on of [[evening]], <span class="bibl">4.786</span> ; <b class="b3">ποτὶ ἕσπερον</b> at [[eventide]], <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>552</span> : also heterocl. pl., ποτὶ ἕσπερα <span class="bibl">Od.17.191</span> ; ὑφ' ἕσπερα <span class="title">AP</span>5.304 : fem., ἐρεμνὴ ἕσπερος <span class="bibl">A.R.4.1290</span> : metaph. of age, <b class="b3">τί δ' ἕσπερός ἐστι γυναικῶν</b> ; <span class="title">AP</span>5.232 (Maced.). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> [[western]], τόποι <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>350</span>; ἀγκῶνες <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>805</span> ; ὠκεανός <span class="bibl">D.P.63</span> ; <b class="b3">ἕ</b>. (sc. <b class="b3">γῆ</b>) <b class="b2">the west country</b>, ἀφ' ἑσπέρου <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Del.</span>174</span> ; πρὸς ἑσπέρου <span class="bibl">D.P.335</span> ; <b class="b3">ἑσπέρου κέρας</b>, promontory in Africa, <span class="bibl">Ptol.<span class="title">Geog.</span>4.6.2</span> : as Adj., ὁ Ἥλιος..-ον κύκλον διανύων Nech. ap. <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.154.29</span>. (<b class="b3">ϝέσπ-</b>, cf. [[Ἑσπέριος]] fin.)</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[evening]] (Od.), adj. <b class="b2">of the evening, western</b>, also substant. <b class="b2">evening-star</b> (Il.); <b class="b3">ἑσπέρα</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ρη</b> f. [[evening]], [[west]] (Pi., Ion.-Att., like <b class="b3">ἡμέρα</b>).<br />Compounds: As 2. member in <b class="b3">ἐφέσπερος</b> [[western]] (S. OC 1059 [lyr.]), <b class="b3">ἀκρ-έσπερος</b> <b class="b2">on the edge of evening, at nightfall</b> (Arist., Theoc., Hp. etc., <b class="b3">-ιος</b> AP), <b class="b3">ποθ-έσπερα</b> adv. (Theoc.), <b class="b3">προσ-εσπέριος</b> (Arist.)<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἑσπέριος</b> <b class="b2">of the evening, westerrn</b> (Φ 560), subst. <b class="b3">Ἐσπερία</b> [[West]], [[Hesperia]] (Agathyll. ap. D. H. 1, 49), <b class="b3">Ϝεσπάριοι</b> name of the western Locrians (Va), f. <b class="b3">ἑσπερίς</b>, esp. in plur. as PN [[the Hesperides]] (Hes.); later <b class="b3">ἑσπερινός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (X., LXX, Schwyzer 490); <b class="b3">ἑσπερικός</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Juba), <b class="b3">ἑσπερίτης</b>, <b class="b3">-ῖτις</b> (<b class="b3">χώρα</b>; D. L.; Redard Les noms grecs en <b class="b3">-της</b> 112). - Denomin. verb <b class="b3">ἑσπερίζω</b> <b class="b2">pass the night</b> (Doroth.; NGr. <b class="b3">σπερίζω</b>, cf. Kretschmer Glotta 11, 247) with <b class="b3">ἑσπέρισμα</b> (Lex. ap. Ath. 1, 11 d).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1173] <b class="b2">*u̯e-kʷsp-er-os</b> <b class="b2">to(wards) the night, evening</b><br />Etymology: Inherited word, identical with Lat. [[vesper]], <b class="b2">-ī</b> [[evening]]; further to Lith. <b class="b2">vãkaras</b>, OCS [[večerъ]] [[evening]], which go back to <b class="b2">*u̯ekeros</b>, and in Celtic, e. g. Welsh [[ucher]], and Arm. [[gišer]]. See e.g. W.-Hofmann [[s]]. [[vesper]]. - This difficult puzzle has recently been solved. Armenian had <b class="b2">*e</b> which became [[ei]] > [[i]] before [[š]], <b class="b2">ž</b>. The [[š]] can go back to <b class="b2">-k(ʷ)s-</b> (cf. <b class="b2">vec`</b> < <b class="b2">*u̯eks</b> beside <b class="b2">veš-tasan</b>); s. Beekes, FS Rasmussen 2004, 59-62. Combined with the <b class="b2">-k-</b> and <b class="b2">-sp-</b> reconstructed for the other languages (above), this gives a group <b class="b2">-k(ʷ)sp-</b>. This group has been identified with Skt. <b class="b2">kṣap-</b> [[night]], of which the zero grade has been found in Hitt. <b class="b2">i-spant-</b> [[night]]. Welsh [[ucher]] can continue <b class="b2">*u̯e</b> followed by <b class="b2">ks(p)</b> or [[sp]]. The first element is probably cognate with Lat. <b class="b2">ue-</b> as in <b class="b2">ue-sanus</b>. The meaning will have been <b class="b2">(what stretches) to(wards) the night</b>. For the <b class="b2">-er-</b> cf. words connected with time like Gr. <b class="b3">νυκτερός</b>.