ἔσχατος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=η, ον, also ος, ον <span class="bibl">Arat.625</span> (prob. fr. <b class="b3">ἐκ, ἐξ</b>, perh. <span class=foreign></span>eĝhzκατος (cf. [[ἐχθός]]) <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> like [[ἔγ-κατα]]) : </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">I</span> of Space, as always in Hom., [[farthest]], [[uttermost]], [[extreme]], <b class="b3">θάλαμος ἔ</b>. the [[hindmost]] chamber, <span class="bibl">Od.21.9</span> ; ἔσχατοι ἄλλων [[at the end of the lines]], <span class="bibl">Il.10.434</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">8.225</span> ; <b class="b3">ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν</b>, of the Aethiopians, <span class="bibl">Od.1.23</span> ; οἰκέομεν..ἔσχατοι <span class="bibl">6.205</span> ; ἐσχάτη τῶν οἰκεομένων ἡ Ἰνδική <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.106</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.2.96</span>, etc.; τὸ ἔ. τῆς ἀγορᾶς <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>3.3.5</span> ; ὑπ'..ἐσχάτην στήλην <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>720</span> ; <b class="b3">τάξις ἐ</b>. the <b class="b2">farthest part of</b> the army, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>4</span> : pl., ἔσχατα γαίης <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Th.</span>731</span> ; τὰ ἔ. τῶν στρατοπέδων <span class="bibl">Th.4.96</span> ; ἐπ' ἔσχατα χθονός <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>956</span> ; αἱ ἐπ' ἔσχατα τοῦ ἄστεως οἰκίαι <span class="bibl">Th.8.95</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐξ ἐσχάτων ἐς ἔσχατα ἀπικέσθαι</b> from [[end]] to [[end]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.100</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Vect.</span>1.6</span> ; παρ' ἔσχατα λίμνης <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>113b</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Th.3.106</span>:—in various senses, [[uppermost]], ἐ. πυρά <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>900</span> ; [[lowest]], [[deepest]], ἀΐδας <span class="bibl">Theoc.16.52</span> ; ἅλς <span class="title">AP</span>13.27 (Phal.) ; [[innermost]], σάρκες <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span> 1053</span> ; [[last]], [[hindmost]], ἤλαυνε δ' ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>734</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἐσχάτῳ</b> at the [[close]] of a document, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PTeb.</span>68.54</span> (ii B.C.), etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> of Degree, [[uttermost]], [[highest]], τὸ ἔ. κορυφοῦται βασιλεῦσι <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>1.113</span> ; ἀνορέαι ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">I.</span>4(3).11</span> ; σοφία <span class="bibl">Lib.<span class="title">Or.</span>59.88</span> ; of misfortunes, sufferings, etc., [[utmost]], [[last]], [[worst]], <b class="b3">πόνος, ἀδικία, κίνδυνοι</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>247b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>361a</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Grg.</span>511d</span> ; ὀδύναι αἱ ἔ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span>354b</span> ; <b class="b3">δῆμος ἔ</b>. [[extreme]] democracy, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1296a2</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> Subst., <b class="b3">τὸ ἔ., τὰ ἔ</b>., [[the utmost]], ἐς τὸ ἔ. κακοῦ ἀπιγμένοι <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.52</span> ; τετρῦσθαι ἐς τὸ ἔ. κακοῦ <span class="bibl">Id.1.22</span> ; without Art., ἐπ' ἔσχατα βαίνεις <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">OC</span>217</span> (lyr.) ; προβᾶσ' ἐπ' ἔσχατον θράσους <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>853</span> (lyr.) ; ἐπ' ἔ. ἐλθεῖν ἀηδίας <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>240d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>361d</span>, etc.; ὃ πάντων κακῶν ἔσχατόν ἐστι, τοῦτο πάσχει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Phd.</span>83c</span> ; οἱ τὰ ἔ. πεποιηκότες <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.8.2</span> ; <b class="b3">ζημιοῦσθαι πᾶσι τοῖς ἐ</b>., Lat. [[extremis suppliciis]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>297e</span> ; <b class="b3">ἔσχατ' ἐσχάτων κακά</b> <b class="b2">worst of possible</b> evils, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ph.</span>65</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Philem.178</span> ; εἰς τὰ ἔ. ἐληλυθώς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">UPZ</span>60.12</span> (ii B.C.) : Comp.οὔτε γὰρ τοῦ ἐσχάτου -ώτερον εἴη ἄν τι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Metaph.</span>1055a20</span> : Sup. <b class="b3">-ώτατος</b> f.l. in <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.3.49</span>, cf. Phryn.51 ; τὰ -ώτατα <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Hom.</span>p.320</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> of Persons, [[lowest]], [[meanest]], <span class="bibl">D.S.8.18</span>, <span class="bibl">D.C.42.5</span>, <span class="bibl">Alciphr.3.43</span> : prov., <b class="b3">οὐδείς, οὐδ' ὁ Μυσῶν ἔ</b>., i.e. [[the meanest]] of mankind, Magnes <span class="bibl">5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Philem.77</span> ; in <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>209b</span> it seems to mean the [[remotest]] of mankind, cf. <b class="b3">πρὸς ἐσχάτην Μυσῶν</b> v.l. in <span class="title">App.Prov.</span>2.85 (παρὰ τοῖς ἐ. τῆς Μυσίας <span class="bibl">Apostol.8.1</span>); similarly οὐδὲ τὸν ἔσχατον Καρῶν Plu.2.871b. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">4</span> of Time, [[last]], <b class="b3">ἐς τὸ ἔ</b>. to the [[end]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.107</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.3.46</span>; <b class="b3">ἔ. πλόος, ναυτιλίαι</b>, <b class="b2">the end of</b> it, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>10.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>3.22</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐσχάτας ὑπὲρ ῥίζας</b> over [[the last]] scion of the race, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>599</span> (lyr.); <b class="b3">ἔ. Ἑλλήνων, Ῥωμαίων</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Phil.</span>1</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Brut.</span>44</span> : neut. <b class="b3">ἔσχατον</b>, as Adv., [[for the last time]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OC</span>1550</span> ; <b class="b2">finally, best of all</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">1 Ep.Cor.</span>15.8</span>; <b class="b2">at the latest</b>, ἔ. ἐν τρισὶ μησίν <span class="title">SIG</span>1219.11 (Gambreion, iii B. C.), cf. <span class="title">Inscr.Prien.</span>4.45 (iv B. C.); <b class="b3">εἰς τὴν ἐσχάτην</b> at the [[last]], <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ec.</span>1.11</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐπ' ἐσχάτῳ</b> ib.<span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ki.</span>24.25</span>, al.: Subst. <b class="b3">ἐσχάτη, ἡ,</b> [[end]], οὐχ ἕξεις ἐ. καλήν <span class="bibl">Astramps.<span class="title">Orac.</span>21.4</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">40.3</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">5</span> in the Logic of Arist., <b class="b3">τὰ ἔ</b>. are the [[last]] or [[lowest species]], [[Metaph]].1059b26, or [[individuals]], ib.998b16, cf. <span class="title">AP</span>0.96b12, al.; τὸ ἔ. ἄτομον <span class="title">Metaph.</span>1058b10. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">ὁ ἔ. ὅρος</b> the [[minor]] term of a syllogism, <span class="title">EN</span>1147b14. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">c</span> [[last step]] in geom. analysis or [[ultimate condition]] of action, τὸ ἔ. ἀρχὴ τῆς πράξεως <span class="title">de An.</span>433a16. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> Adv. <b class="b3">-τως</b> <b class="b2">to the uttermost, exceedingly</b>, πῦρ ἐ. καίει <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">de Arte</span>8</span>; ἐ. διαμάχεσθαι <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>613a11</span> ; ἐ. φιλοπόλεμος <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.6.1</span> ; φοβοῦμαί σ' ἐ. <span class="bibl">Men.912</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Epicur.<span class="title">Ep.</span> 1p.31U.</span> </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">b</span> <b class="b3">-τως διακεῖσθαι</b> to be [[at the last extremity]], <span class="bibl">Plb.1.24.2</span>, <span class="bibl">D.S.18.48</span> ; ἔχειν <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>5.23</span> ; ἀπορεῖν <span class="bibl">Phld.<span class="title">Oec.</span>p.72J.</span> </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> so <b class="b3">ἐς τὸ ἔ</b>.,=<b class="b3">ἐσχάτως</b>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.229</span>; εἰς τὰ ἔ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>5.4.33</span> ; εἰς τὰ ἔ. μάλα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Lac.</span>1.2</span> ; τὸ ἔ. <b class="b2">finally, in the end</b>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Grg.</span>473c</span> ; but, <b class="b3">τὸ ἔ</b>. [[what is worst of all]], ib.<span class="bibl">508d</span>.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[the uttermost]], [[last]] (Il.).<br />Compounds: Rarely in compp. like <b class="b3">ἐσχατό-γηρως</b> (<b class="b3">-ος</b>) [[in the last age]] (hell.), <b class="b3">παρ-έσχατος</b> [[the last but one]] (Ph.).<br />Derivatives: <b class="b3">ἐσχατιά</b>, <b class="b3">-ιή</b> <b class="b2">uttermost part, frontier, extreme position</b> (Ion.Hes., Att.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 81f. (Tenos; Redard Les noms grecs en <b class="b3">-της</b> 9); poet. enlargement <b class="b3">ἐσχάτιος</b> (Nic.). Denomin. verbs. <b class="b3">ἐσχατάω</b> <b class="b2">be the uttermost, the last</b>, only in ptc. <b class="b3">ἐσχατάων</b>, <b class="b3">-όων</b> (Il.; cf. Shipp Studies 62). <b class="b3">ἐσχατεύω</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (Arist.). <b class="b3">ἐσχατίζω</b> <b class="b2">come too late</b> (LXX).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] <b class="b2">*h₁eǵʰs</b> [[out]]<br />Etymology: Adjectival deriv. of <b class="b3">ἐξ</b>, but in detail unclear. The opposite <b class="b3">ἔγ-κατα</b>, to <b class="b3">ἐν</b>, presupposes a formation <b class="b3">*ἔξ-κατος</b>; the tenuis aspirata <b class="b3">χ</b> then requires as protoform <b class="b3">*ἔχσ-κατος</b>, what seems to give for <b class="b3">ἐξ</b> an IE basis <b class="b2">*eǵʰs</b>; but note in older alphabets the notation <b class="b3">χσ</b> = <b class="b3">ξ</b> (Schwyzer 210), which suggests aspiration of a velar before <b class="b3">σ</b>. - The suffix <b class="b3">-κατος</b> would have a velar element (cf. <b class="b3">πρό-κα</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">reci-pro-cus</b>; <b class="b3">*ἐχσ-κο-</b> <b class="b2">what is outside</b>) and a dental (<b class="b3">μέσ(σ)-ατος</b>, <b class="b3">τρίτ-ατος</b> a. o.). Wackernagel KZ 33, 40f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 719f., Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1. On the phonetics also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73 : 2, 29ff.