ὀφθαλμός: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ὁ, (<b class="b3">ὄπωπ-α, ὀφ-θῆναι</b>, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> v. [[ὄψ]] B) [[eye]], used by Hom. and Hes. mostly in pl.; ὀφθαλμοὶ δ' ὡς εἰ κέρα ἕστασαν . . ἀτρέμας ἐν βλεφάροισι <span class="bibl">Od.19.211</span>: sg., <b class="b3">παίειν τινὰ ἐς τὸν ὀ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hdt.9.22</span>: the pl. continued most common, but the dual also occurs, as in <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>362</span>: pl. is used in many phrases, <b class="b3">ἐλθέμεν ἐς ὀφθαλμούς τινος</b> before one's [[eyes]], <span class="bibl">Il.24.204</span>; <b class="b3">οὐδ' Ἀχιλῆος ὀφθαλμοὺς εἴσειμι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">463</span>; <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἰδεῖν, ὁρᾶσθαι</b>, etc., <span class="bibl">10.275</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.4.47</span>, etc.; but <b class="b3">ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ὁρᾶν, νοεῖν</b>, to see before one's [[eyes]], <span class="bibl">8.459</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.24.312</span>; <b class="b3">ἔχειν ἐν ὀ</b>. to have before one's [[eyes]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>4.5.29</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ ἐν ὀ</b>. what is before one's [[eyes]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>174c</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ ἐν τοῖς ὀ. δὴ γελοῖον</b> what was ridiculous <b class="b2">to the eye</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">R.</span>452d</span>; <b class="b3">ἐπίπροσθε τῶν ὀ</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Smp.</span>213a</span>; πρὸ τῶν ὀ. προφαίνεσθαι <span class="bibl">Aeschin.2.148</span>; ἐπ' ὀφθαλμῶν <span class="bibl">Luc. <span class="title">Tox.</span>20</span>; <b class="b3">γενέσθαι τινὶ ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν</b> to get out of any one's [[sight]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.106</span>; ἐξ ὀ. ἀποπέμψασθαι <span class="bibl">Id.1.120</span>; ἐξ ὀ. ποιεῖν <span class="bibl">Alciphr. 3.20</span>; <b class="b3">κατ' ὀφθαλμοὺς λέγειν τινί</b> to tell one <b class="b2">to one's face</b>, opp. <b class="b3">εἰς οὖς</b>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ra.</span>626</span>; <b class="b3">τυράννου κατ' ὀ. κατηγορεῖν</b> to accuse him to his [[face]], <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Hier.</span>1.14</span>: sg. in the phrase <b class="b3">πρὸς ὀφθαλμὸν ἐπιχεῖν, μίσγειν</b>, [[by eye]], PHolm.7.23, <span class="title">PLeid.X.</span>62; [[eyes]] were painted on the bows of vessels, βλοσυροῖς κατὰ πρῷραν ὀφθαλμοῖς οἷον βλέπει <span class="bibl">Philostr.<span class="title">Im.</span>1.19</span>, cf. <span class="title">IG</span>22.1607.24, <span class="bibl">Poll.1.86</span>; whence the joke in <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>97</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> <b class="b3">στέρησις ὀφθαλμῶν</b> temporary loss of [[sight]], Gal.17(1).400. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> in sg., [[the eye]] of a master or ruler, <b class="b3">πάντα ἰδὼν Διὸς ὀ</b>. <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>267</span>; Δίκης ὀ. ὃς τὰ πάνθ' ὁρᾷ <span class="bibl">Men.<span class="title">Mon.</span>179</span>; δεσπότου ὀ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>12.20</span>; <b class="b3">ἀκοίμητος ὀ</b>., of God, <span class="bibl">Secund.<span class="title">Sent.</span>3</span>; so a king is called ὀ. οἴκων <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ch.</span>934</span> (so ὄμμα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pers.</span> 169</span>); and in Persia <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμὸς βασιλέως</b> <b class="b2">the king's eye</b> was a confidential officer, through whom he beheld his kingdom and subjects, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pers.</span>979</span>(lyr.), <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.114</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>92</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.2.10</span> sq., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span> 1287b29</span>, <span class="bibl">Ph.1.642</span>; cf. [[οὖς]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> [[the eye of heaven]], <b class="b3">ἑσπέρας ὀ., νυκτὸς ὀ</b>., of the moon, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>3.20</span>, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>390</span>; also <b class="b3">οὐράνιος ὀ</b>., of the sun, <span class="bibl">Secund.<span class="title">Sent.</span>5</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> [[the dearest]], [[best]], as the eye is the most precious part of the body, hence of men, <b class="b3">ὀ. Σικελίας, στρατιᾶς</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>2.10</span>, <span class="bibl">6.16</span>; also, [[light]], [[cheer]], [[comfort]], μέγας &lt;γ'&gt; ὀ. οἱ πατρὸς τάφοι <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span> 987</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Andr.</span>406</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> [[eye]] or [[bud]] of a plant or tree, <span class="bibl">Alcm.43</span>, Ion Eleg.<span class="bibl">1.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Nat.Puer.</span>26</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span> 19.10</span>, <span class="bibl">Thphr.<span class="title">HP</span>1.8.5</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> [[a surgical bandage covering one or both eyes]], <span class="bibl">Hp.<span class="title">Off.</span>7</span>, Heliod. ap. <span class="bibl">Orib. 48.29</span>,<span class="bibl">30</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VII</span> Archit., in dual, the [[disks]] forming the centres of the volutes of an Ionic capital, <span class="title">IG</span>12.374.291.</span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[eye]] (Il.).<br />Other forms: Boeot. <b class="b3">ὄκταλλος</b>, Epid. Lac. <b class="b3">ὀπτίλ(λ)ος</b>.<br />Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">μον-όφθαλμος</b> (<b class="b3">μουν-</b>) <b class="b2">with a single eye, one-eyed</b> (Hdt., Plb., Str.), <b class="b3">ἑτερ-όφθαλμος</b> [[bereft of one eye]] (D., Arist.); also as 1. member, e.g. <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος</b> [[digging out the eyes]] (A.).<br />Derivatives: 1. <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον</b> n. dimin. (Ar.); 2. <b class="b3">-ία</b>, Ion. <b class="b3">-ίη</b> f. <b class="b2">eye-disease</b> (s. Scheller Oxytonierung 42f.) with <b class="b3">-ιάω</b> <b class="b2">suffering from an eye-disease</b> (IA.), with <b class="b3">-ίασις</b> f. (Plu., H.); 3. <b class="b3">-ίας</b> m. name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.; because of the fixed glance, Strömberg Fischnamen 42); 4. <b class="b3">-ικός</b> [[belonging to the eyes]], m. <b class="b2">eye-doctor</b> (Gal., Dsc.); 5. <b class="b3">-ηδόν</b> [[like eyes]] (gloss.). -- 6. Verbs <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμίζομαι</b> <b class="b2">to be inoculated</b> (Thphr.), <b class="b2">to suffer from ὀ-ία</b> (Plu.); with prep. <b class="b3">ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω</b> [[to inoculate]] (Thphr.), <b class="b3">-ίζομαι</b> pass. (Delos) with <b class="b3">-ισμός</b> (Thphr.); also <b class="b3">-ιάζομαι</b> (Plu.); <b class="b3">ἐξ-οφθαλμ-ιάζω</b> <b class="b2">to disregard, to disparage</b> (pap. IVp); <b class="b3">ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω</b> (Pherecyd., Plu.), <b class="b3">-ιάω</b> (Plu., pap. IIIp), <b class="b3">-έω</b> (pap. IVp) <b class="b2">to ogle, to peep at</b>.<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: Understandably the word has been derived from the root <b class="b3">ὀπ-</b> [[see]]. Variants are Boeot. <b class="b3">ὄκταλλος</b>, Epid. Lac. <b class="b3">ὀπτίλ(λ)ος</b>. The group <b class="b3">κτ</b> : <b class="b3">πτ</b> : <b class="b3">φθ</b> ("mit altem <b class="b3">κτ</b> [but see below], analogischem <b class="b3">πτ</b> und expressivem <b class="b3">φθ</b>" (Frisk) [Schwyzer 299 bzw. Benveniste Origines 48]?) has been connected with the group <b class="b2">kṣ</b> in Skt. <b class="b2">ákṣi</b> [[eye]] Schwyzer 317 w. lit.). With the suppletive <b class="b2">n-</b>stem e.g. in gen. <b class="b2">akṣ-ṇ-ás</b> the <b class="b2">l-</b>stem in <b class="b3">ὀφθ-αλ-μός</b> would correspond (Specht 351n.1). "Die lautlichen Einzelheiten sind indessen nicht endgültig und eindeutig aufgeklärt" (Frisk). An IE laibo-velar before consonat became a labial, Lejeune Phonét. $ 42, so Frisks "mit altem <b class="b3">κτ</b>" is wrong. The rise of <b class="b3">-αλ(λ</b>)- cannot be explained from IE. The repeated attempts, to explain <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμός</b> as a compound, are all wrong (to <b class="b3">θάλαμος</b> Brugmann, s. Bq and WP. 1, 864). The variation cannot well be explained as IE, nor can the formation of <b class="b3">ὀφθαλμός</b>. <b class="b3">ὄκταλλος</b> has a Pre-Greek suffix, Beekes FS Kortlandt.; already Devel. 193); it continues a palatalized [[l]] (i.e. <b class="b2">*ly</b>, which was represented as a geminate). This leads to a PGr. reconstruction <b class="b2">*akʷt-aly-(m)-</b> (with <b class="b2">*a-</b> = [<b class="b3">ο</b>] before the labiovelar). Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the labial element could also be ignored, which gave <b class="b3">ὀκτ-</b>. Aspiration was not phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant <b class="b3">ὀφθ-</b> is unproblematic. In <b class="b3">ὀπτίλ(λ)ος</b> apparently the (second) <b class="b2">*a</b> became [[i]] through the following labialized consonant. The fact that PGr. <b class="b2">*akʷ-</b> strongly resembles IE <b class="b2">*h₃ekʷ-</b> is a mere coincidence, an accident that may be expected to occur here and there. -- Note the expressive geminate in <b class="b3">ὄκκον ὀφθαλμόν</b> H. (to Arm. [[akn]]? Meillet BSL 26, 15f.; s. also Lejeune Traité de phon. 72 n. 1); this word may well be of IE origin. -- For words derived from the IE root <b class="b3">ὀπ-</b> [[see]], s. [[ὄμμα]], [[ὄσσε]], [[ὄπωπα]]; cf. WP. 1, 169ff., Pok. 775ff., W.-Hofmann s. [[oculus]] etc.