λύκος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῠ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">A</span> [[wolf]], <span class="bibl">Il.16.156</span>, <span class="bibl">352</span>; <b class="b3">πολιός</b> [[grisly]], <span class="bibl">10.334</span>; κρατερώνυχες <span class="bibl">Od.10.218</span>; <b class="b3">ὀρέστεροι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">212</span>; ὠμοφάγοι <span class="bibl">Il.16.156</span>; κοιλογάστορες <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>1041</span>; the small Egyptian wolves mentioned by <span class="bibl">Hdt. 2.67</span> were perh. [[jackals]]: various kinds distd. by <span class="bibl">Opp.<span class="title">C.</span>3.293</span> sqq.: prov. <b class="b3">λύκον ἰδεῖν</b> to see [[a wolf]], i. e. [[to be struck dumb]], as was vulgarly believed of any one at whom a wolf got the first look (<span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>336d</span>), <span class="bibl">Theoc.14.22</span>; <b class="b3">λύκου πτερά</b>, of things that are not, 'pigeon's milk', Suid.; <b class="b3">ὡς λ. χανών</b>, of vain expectation, <span class="bibl">Eub.15.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>337</span>, <span class="bibl">Euphro 1.31</span>; λ. κεχηνώς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>629</span>; <b class="b3">πρίν κεν λ. οἶν ὑμεναιοῖ</b>, of an impossibility, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pax</span>1076</span>, <span class="bibl">1112</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.22.263</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς λύκοι ἄρν' ἀγαπῶσιν</b>, of treacherous or unnatural love, Poet. ap. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>241d</span>; <b class="b3">λύκου βίον ζῆν</b>, i. e. live by rapine, Prov. ap. <span class="bibl">Plb.16.24.4</span>; <b class="b3">ἐκ λύκου στόματος</b>, of getting a thing [[praeter spem]], <span class="bibl">Zen.3.48</span>; <b class="b3">τῶν ὤτων ἔχειν τὸν λύκον</b> 'catch a Tartar', <span class="bibl">Apollod.Car.18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plb.30.20.8</span>; <b class="b3">λ. ἀετὸν φεύγει</b>, of the inescapable, <span class="bibl">Diogenian.6.19</span>; <b class="b3">λ. περὶ φρέαρ χορεύει</b>, of those engaged in vain pursuits, ib.<span class="bibl">21</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">II</span> a kind of [[daw]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span> 617b17</span>; cf. [[λύκιος]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">III</span> [[a fish]], = [[καλλιώνυμος]], Hices. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath.7.282d</span>, <span class="title">Gp.</span>18.14.1. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IV</span> a kind of [[spider]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>623a2</span>, <span class="bibl">Nic.<span class="title">Th.</span> 734</span>, <span class="bibl">Plin.<span class="title">HN</span>30.52</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">V</span> [[anything shaped like a hook]]: </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">1</span> [[a jagged bit]] for hard-mouthed horses, Lat. [[lupus]], Plu.2.641f; cf. [[λυκοσπάς]]. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">2</span> [[hook]] or [[knocker]] on a door, Hsch. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">3</span> <b class="b2">flesh-hook</b>, <span class="bibl">Poll. 10.98</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VI</span> nickname of <b class="b3">παιδερασταί</b>, <span class="title">AP</span>12.250 (Strat.), cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span> 241d</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VII</span> [[the flower of the iris]], Philin. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath.15.682a</span>. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">VIII</span> a kind of [[noose]], <span class="bibl">Gal.<span class="title">UP</span>7.14</span>, Heraclas ap.<span class="bibl">Orib.48.7</span>, <span class="title">Hippiatr.</span>74. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">IX</span> [[a pastille used in dysentery]], <span class="bibl">Aët.9.49</span> (Latin version). </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">X</span> = [[ὀροβάγχη]], v.l. in marg. of Dsc.2.142. </span><span class="sense">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="bld">XI</span> an engine of war for defending gates, <span class="bibl">Procop.<span class="title">Goth.</span>1.21</span>. (Cf. Skt. <b class="b2">vŕ[null ]kas</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">vi[ltilde]kas</b>, Slav. [[vlǔkǔ]], Goth. [[wulfs]].) </span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[wolf]] (Il.) ; often metaph., a. o. as name of a kind of daw (Arist.; v. l. <b class="b3">λύκιος</b>, cf. Thompson Birds s. v.), of a fish (Hikes. ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 105), = [[hook]], [[sting]] (Plu., Poll.) etc.<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">Λυκό-(Ϝ)οργος</b> > <b class="b3">Λυκοῦργος</b> prop. "holding off the wolves " (<b class="b3">εἴργω</b>), <b class="b3">Λυκοσ-ούρα</b> town in Arcadia, after the contraction <b class="b3">Κυνοσ-ούρα</b> (Risch IF 59, 266 w. n. 1); <b class="b3">λυκ-αψός</b> (<b class="b3">λύκ-</b>) m., also <b class="b3">-ψίς</b> f., name of a venomous plant, [[Echium italicum]] (Nic., Dsc., Gal.), prop. "attacking wolves" (cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 100f. on <b class="b3">χορδαψός</b>), because of its poison as <b class="b3">λυκο-κτόνον</b> a. o. (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 66 u. 70 f.); but see s.v.<br />Derivatives: Feminines: <b class="b3">λύκαινα</b> <b class="b2">she-wolf</b> (Arist.; after <b class="b3">λέαινα</b> etc.) with <b class="b3">-αίνιον</b> (Poll.; of a woman); <b class="b3">λυκώ</b> name of the moon (PMag. Par.); diminut.: <b class="b3">λυκιδεύς</b> m. [[younger wolf]] (Sol. ap. Plu., Theoc.; Boßhardt 65), <b class="b3">λυκίσκος ἡ μη ἔχουσα ἀξονίσκον τροχαλία</b>, <b class="b3">τρῆμα δε μόνον</b> H.; also PN (Schwyzer 542). Further: <b class="b3">λυκέη</b>, <b class="b3">-ῆ</b> [[wolfsskin]] (K 459 a.o.), <b class="b3">λύκειος δορά</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E. Rh. 208), substantiv. <b class="b3">λυκεία</b> f. (Plb. 6, 22, 3); <b class="b3">λυκώδης</b> <b class="b2">wolf-like</b> (Arist.), <b class="b3">λυκηδόν</b> [[as a wolf]] (A.), <b class="b3">λυκηθμός</b> [[howling of wolves]] (Anon. ap. Suid.; after <b class="b3">μυκηθμός</b>); <b class="b3">λυκόομαι</b> [[be lacerated by wolves]] (X.). On <b class="b3">λύσσα</b> s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1178] <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> [[wolf]]<br />Etymology: With <b class="b3">λύκος</b> agrees formally exactly the Northgerm. name of the lynx, Swed. [[lō]] (PGm. <b class="b2">*luha-</b> from IE <b class="b2">*luko-</b>; s. 2. <b class="b3">λύγξ</b>). But of course one prefers to connect the widespread name of the wolf, which is preserved e. g. in Skt. <b class="b2">vŕ̥ka-</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">vil̃kas</b>, OCS [[vlьkъ]], Goth. [[wulfs]], Alb. [[ulk]]. With the resulting IE <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> can <b class="b3">λύκος</b> be combined if we assume, that the labiovelar coloured the preceding sonant with loss of the labialisation, cf. Schwyzer 298 and 352; s. also on <b class="b3">κύκλος</b>. A comparable problem gives Lat. [[lupus]]. Far remains however Arm. [[gayl]] (rather to Ir. [[gāel]] [[wolf]] with Fick 2, 259 a. o.). With the name of the wolf taboo-ideas may have played a part (Havers Sprachtabu 37ff.) which may have caused phonetic irregularities. Also for IE <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> such an origin is possible; the interpretation as [[lacerater]] (to <b class="b2">u̯el(k</b>)- [[lacerate]] not counting the labiovelar; s. Specht KZ 66, 26f.) remains hypothetic. - Details in WP. 1, 316f., Pok. 1178f., W.-Hofmann s. [[lupus]], Vasmer s. [[volk]]; also Benveniste BSL 44, 53.