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πεῖρα: Difference between revisions
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|Transliteration C=peira | |Transliteration C=peira | ||
|Beta Code=pei=ra | |Beta Code=pei=ra | ||
|Definition=ας (Ion. | |Definition=ας (Ion. [[πεῖρα]], acc. [[πεῖραν]], gen. -ης), Aeol. πέρρα Choerob. in <span class="title">An. Ox.</span> 2.252 : ἡ:—<span class="sense"><p> <span class="bld">A</span> [[trial]], [[attempt]], π. τοι μαθήσιος ἀρχά <span class="bibl">Alcm.63</span> ; opp. [[δόξα]], <span class="bibl">Thgn.571</span> ; πείρᾳ δ' οὐ προσωμίλησά πω <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span> 591</span> ; πικρὰν πεῖραν τολμήσειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">El.</span>471</span> ; πείρᾳ σφαλῆναι <span class="bibl">Th. 1.70</span> ; <b class="b3">ἢν μὲν ξυμβῇ ἡ π</b>. <span class="bibl">Id.3.3</span> ; πείρᾳ θην πάντα τελεῖται <span class="bibl">Theoc. 15.62</span> ; <b class="b3">πεῖραν ἔχοντες</b> [[being proved]], <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">N.</span> 4.76</span> ; but <b class="b3">πεῖραν ἔχειν τινός</b> to have [[experience]] of... <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">Cyr.</span>4.1.5</span> ; <b class="b3">π. τινῶν ἔχειν ὅτι</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span> 3.2.16</span> ; <b class="b3">π. ἔχει τῆς γνώμης</b> involves [[a trial]] of your resolution, <span class="bibl">Th. 1.140</span> ; <b class="b3">πεῖράν τινος λαμβάνειν</b> or [[λαβεῖν]] to make [[trial]] or [[proof]] of... <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Fr.</span>691</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc. 12.236</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Grg.</span>448a</span>, <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">An.</span>6.6.33</span>, etc. ; also, gain [[experience]] of... <b class="b3">ἐν ἑαυτῷ</b> ib. <span class="bibl">5.8.15</span> ; π. λ. τινός, ὅπως ἔχει <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Prt.</span> 342a</span> ; π. λ. τινός, εἰ ἄρα τι λέγει <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Thg.</span> 129d</span> ; <b class="b3">πεῖράν τινος διδόναι</b> (cf. Lat. [[specimen sui edere]]) Darei Epist. in <span class="title">SIG</span> 22.21, <span class="bibl">Th. 1.138</span>, <span class="bibl">Isoc. 3.45</span> ; π. τῆς δόξης δοῦναι <span class="bibl">Th. 6.11</span> ; π. ἔργῳ δεδωκέναι <span class="bibl">D.18.107</span>, cf. 195 ; π. ἀλλήλων λαμβάνοντες καὶ διδόντες <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Prt.</span> 348a</span> ; πεῖραν ποιήσασθαι <span class="bibl">Th. 1.53</span> ; <b class="b3">π. ποιεῖσθαι εἰ</b>… <span class="bibl">Id.2.20</span> ; ταῖς π. βασανίζειν <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">GA</span>747a3</span> ; πεῖραν καθεῖναι <span class="bibl">Ael. <span class="title">VH</span>2.13</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">NA</span>1.39</span> ; <b class="b3">π. δέξασθαι</b> [[undertake]], <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Pyrrh.</span> 5</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">2</span> with Preps., <b class="b3">ἀπὸ πείρης</b> by [[experiment]], opp. [[αὐτόματον]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.9</span>. γ ; διὰ πείρας ἰέναι <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Ax.</span> 369a</span>; διὰ π. ἔργων ἐλήλυθε Onos. <span class="title">Praef.</span> 7 ; <b class="b3">ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι διὰ τῆς π</b>. <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Pol.</span> 1341a37</span> ; ἐς πεῖραν ἤλθομεν φίλων <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Heracl.</span> 309</span>, etc. ; <b class="b3">ἰέναι ἐς τὴν π. τοῦ ναυτικοῦ</b> [[try]] an action by sea, <span class="bibl">Th. 7.21</span> ; <b class="b3">ἀκοῆς κρείσσων ἐς π. ἔρχεται</b> turns out [[on trial]] greater than report, <span class="bibl">Id.2.41</span> ; ἐκ τῆς π. δῆλον <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Pr.</span> 938b38</span> ; <b class="b3">Κύρου ἐν πείρᾳ γενέσθαι</b> to have been [[acquainted]] with Cyrus, <span class="bibl">X. <span class="title">An.</span> 1.9.1</span> ; ἐν π. τέλος διαφαίνεται <span class="bibl">Pi. <span class="title">N.</span> 3.70</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ πείρᾳ</b> by way of [[test]] or [[trial]], <span class="bibl">Ar. <span class="title">Av.</span> 583</span> ; <b class="b3">ἐπὶ π. δούς</b> [[on trial]], <span class="bibl">Men. 118</span> ; <b class="b3">π. θανάτου πέρι καὶ ζωᾶς</b> a [[contest]] for... <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span> 9.28</span>. </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> [[attempt on]] or [[against]] one, <b class="b3">πεῖράν τιν' ἐχθρῶν ἁρπάσαι</b> [[a means of attacking]]... <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Aj.</span> 2</span> ; τοιοῦδε φωτὸς π. εὖ φυλακτέον <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Th.</span> 499</span> ; esp. [[attempt to seduce]] a woman, <span class="bibl">Plu. <span class="title">Thes.</span> 26</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cim.</span> 1</span> : abs., [[attempt]], [[enterprise]], <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Pers.</span> 719</span> (troch.), <span class="bibl">Th. 3.20</span> ; <b class="b3">πεῖραν ἀφορμᾶν</b> to go forth upon [[an enterprise]], <span class="bibl">S. <span class="title">Aj.</span> 290</span> ; cf. [[πειρατής]]. (Cf. Lat. [[experior]], [[peritus]].) </span> | ||
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|etymtx=Grammatical information: f.<br />Meaning: [[test]], [[research]], [[experience]] (Alcm., Thgn., Pi., IA.).<br />Compounds: As 2. member a.o. in <b class="b3">ἔμ-πειρος</b> (s.v.); with <b class="b2">ā-</b>stem (cf. Schwyzer 451) in <b class="b3">ἱππο-πείρης</b> m. [[horse specialist]] (Anacr. 75, 6), <b class="b3">μονο-πεῖραι</b> ( | |etymtx=Grammatical information: f.<br />Meaning: [[test]], [[research]], [[experience]] (Alcm., Thgn., Pi., IA.).<br />Compounds: As 2. member a.o. in <b class="b3">ἔμ-πειρος</b> (s.v.); with <b class="b2">ā-</b>stem (cf. Schwyzer 451) in <b class="b3">ἱππο-πείρης</b> m. [[horse specialist]] (Anacr. 75, 6), <b class="b3">μονο-πεῖραι</b> ([[λύκοι]]) [[hunting alone]] (Arist., Men.), the last referring to [[πειράομαι]] (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 101 f.); <b class="b3">ἀ-πείρων</b> [[unexperienced]] (S.) for usu. <b class="b3">ἄ-πειρος</b> after [[ἀπείρων]] from [[πεῖραρ]] (s. v.) ? Backformations like <b class="b3">ἀνά-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπό-</b>, <b class="b3">διά-πειρα</b> (Pi., IA.) from <b class="b3">ἀνα-πειράομαι</b> etc. On [[ταλαπείριος]] s. v.<br />Derivatives: Three denominatives: 1. [[πειράομαι]], more rare <b class="b3">-άω</b>, often w. prefix like <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b2">to tempt, to put to the test, to try</b> (Il.). From it <b class="b3">πειρα-τής</b> m. [[pirate]] (hell.) with <b class="b3">-τικός</b> [[belonging to pirates]] (Str., Ph.), <b class="b3">-τεύω</b> [[to act like a pirate]] (LXX); [[πειρατήριον]], Ion. <b class="b3">-ητ-</b> n. <b class="b2">(juridical) trial</b> (Hp., E.). [[gang of pirates]], [[pirates]] nest' (LXX, Str.), [[πειρητήριος]] [[exploring]], [[trying]] (Hp.); [[πείρασις]] f. [[temptation]], [[assault]] (Th., D. C.; can also belong to 2.). -- 2. [[πειράζω]], Aor. <b class="b3">-άσαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ασθῆναι</b> (Od., Arist., hell.), Cret. fut. [[πειράξω]], <b class="b3">κατα-πειράσω</b> Lys., also w. <b class="b3">κατα-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">ἀπο-</b> a.o., <b class="b2">to tempt, to put to the test, to assault</b>. From there <b class="b3">πειρ-ασμός</b> m. [[temptation]] (LXX, NT), <b class="b3">-αστής</b> m. [[tempter]] (Ammon. Gramm.), <b class="b3">-αστικός</b> <b class="b2">belonging to, fit for tempting, trying</b> (Arist.), <b class="b3">ἀ-πείρασ-τος</b> [[unexperienced]], [[untempted]] (hell.); to [[πείρασις]] s. on [[πειράομαι]]. -- 3. <b class="b3">πειρη-τίζω</b> (only presentst.) [[to tempt]], [[to explore]], [[to assault]] (Il.; on the fomation Schwyzer 706).<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [818] <b class="b2">*per-</b> [[try]]<br />Etymology: Formed like [[στεῖρα]], [[σπεῖρα]], [[μοῖρα]] etc., so < <b class="b3">*πέρ-ι̯α</b> (Aeol. [[πέρρα]] after Choerob. An. Ox. 2, 252), ι̯<b class="b3">α-</b>deriv. from a basis of unknown function (Schwyzer 474, Chantraine Form. 98 f.). Backformation from [[πειράομαι]] (Sommer Nominalkomp. 118 as alternative) is certainly possible, but the formation of the verb then remains unclear. -- Certain cognates presents only Latin in [[perī-tus]] [[experience]], [[perī-culum]] [[attempt]], [[danger]], [[proces]], [[ex-perior]], <b class="b2">-īrī</b> [[try]], [[put to the test]], of which the <b class="b2">ī-</b>element seems to be connected with the Greek suffix. Arm. [[p]][[orj]] [[attempt]], if with Meillet BSL 36, 110 to be connected, must represent an aspirated (expressive) anlaut. Further uncertain or improbable connections with Celt. and Germ. in WP. 2, 28f., Pok. 818, W.-Hofmann s. [[perī-culum]]. Connection with the great group of [[πείρω]], [[περάω]] (s. vv.) is very probable. | ||
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