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ἀ-: Difference between revisions
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{{LSJ1 | |||
|Full diacritics=ἀ- | |||
|Medium diacritics=ἀ- | |||
|Low diacritics=α- | |||
|Capitals=Α | |||
|Transliteration A=a- | |||
|Transliteration B=a- | |||
|Transliteration C=a- | |||
|Beta Code=a)- | |||
|Definition=as insep. Prefix in compos.: <span class="sense"> <span class="bld">I</span> α στερητικόν (Sch.<span class="bibl">Od. 3.279</span>, etc., cf. <span class="bibl">Eust.985.16</span>), expressing [[want]] or [[absence]] (cf. <span class="bibl">Arist. <span class="title">Metaph.</span>1022b32</span>), as [[σοφός]] wise, [[ἄσοφος]] [[un]]wise: for [[n]], the weak form of the negative [[ne]], commonly used in the formation of adjs. and advbs., very rarely in that of vbs. and substs., cf. <b class="b3">ἀδώτης, ἀτιμάω, ἀτίω</b>. Before a vowel it usu. appears as <b class="b3">ἀν-</b> (exc. where ϝ or [[spiritus asper]] has been lost, as <b class="b3">ἄ-οινος, ἄ-υπνος</b>, when it sts. coalesces with the following vowel, as [[ἀργός]] = [[ἀ-ϝεργός]]): the forms <b class="b3">ἀνάεδνος, ἀνάελπτος</b> are probably misspelt for <b class="b3">ἀν-έϝεδνος, -έϝελπτος</b>. Adjs. formed with it freq. take gen., esp. in Trag., cf. <b class="b3">ἀλαμπὲς ἡλίου</b>, = [[ἄνευ λάμψεως ἡλίου]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>691</span>. [ᾰ, exc. in adjs. which begin with three short syllables, which have ᾱ in Ep., and freq. also in Lyr., Trag., and Com.; [[ἀθάνατος]] invariably has [[ᾱθ]].] </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">II</span> <b class="b3">α ἀθροιστικόν</b> (<span class="bibl">Eust. 641.61</span>; τὸ ἄλφα σημαίνει πολλαχοῦ τὸ ὁμοῦ <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>405c</span>), properly <b class="b3">ἁ-</b>since it represents <b class="b2">sm-</b> (cf. <b class="b3">ἅμα, εἷς</b> = [[sems]]), and so in <b class="b3">ἁπλόος, ἁθρόος</b>: but freq. [[ἀ-]] by dissimilation from following aspirate, as <b class="b3">ἄ-λοχος</b>, and hence by analogy in <b class="b3">ἄ-κοιτις</b>, etc., q.v.: sts. in the form <b class="b3">ὀ-</b>, as in <b class="b3">ὄπατρος, ὀγάστριος, ὄζυξ. [ᾰ.]</b> </span><span class="sense"> <span class="bld">III</span> <b class="b3">α ἐπιτατικόν</b> (<span class="bibl">Eust. 641.61</span>), strengthening the force of compds., as <b class="b3">ἀ-τενής;</b> prob. identical in etymology with <span class="bibl">11</span>, from which it is distinguished by Gramm., who sts. confuse it with <span class="bibl">1</span>; v. [[ἀδάκρυτος]]. [ᾰ.]</span><br /><span class="bld">ἀ-</span> as a prothetic vowel, usually before a double consonant, as <b class="b3">ἀ-βληχρός, ἀ-σπαίρω;</b> sts. before a single consonant, as <b class="b3">ἀ-μέλγω;</b> before a vowel where ϝ is lost, as <b class="b3">ἀ-ϝείδω. [ᾰ.]</b> | |||
}} | |||
{{pape | |||
|ptext=[[https://www.translatum.gr/images/pape/pape-01-0001.png Seite 1]] als praefixum: 1) στερητικόν, Privativum, s. ἀν –. – 2) Davon gänzlich verschieden: ἀθροιστικόν, copulativum, in der Bedeutung von ἅμα und [[ὁμοῦ]], zugleich, zusammen, z. B. [[ἄκοιτις]], die Gattin, die das Lager ([[κοίτη]]) mit dem Manne theilt; so noch [[ἀδελφός]], [[ἀκόλουθος]], [[ἄλοχος]] und einige seltenere, wie [[ἀγάλακτος]], [[ἀγάστωρ]], ἀβολεῖν. Damit kann [[ἀτάλαντος]] verglichen werden, wo α gleich, und [[ἅπας]], [[ἀθρόος]], [[ἀολλής]], wo es gesammt bedeutet, vergl. auch noch ἁπλοῦς und [[ἅπαξ]]. – 3) Daran schließt sich und ist wohl eins damit α ἐπιτατικόν, gew. intensivum genannt, durch welches die Bdtg des Stammwortes verstärkt wird, als wäre es mit [[ἄγαν]] zusammengesetzt. S. [[ἀσκελής]], ἀσπερχής, [[ἀτενής]], [[ἀχανής]], vergl. Döderlein de a intensivo Erlang. 1830. Die alten Gramm. führen noch an, α bedeute τὸ μέγα oder πολύ in ἀχανές und ἄξυλον, τὸ συνεχές in ἀζηχές. Wenn auch nicht alle von den alten Etymologen auf diese Weise erklärten Wörter hierher gehören, so gcht man doch zu weit, wenn man diese verstärkende Bdtg des α ganz läugnet, und darf in keinem Fall als Grund dagegen geltend machen, daß α ursprünglich privativ. sei, da dies ein ganz anderes praefixum ist. – 4) In einigen Wörtern aber, besonders solchen, die mit 2 Consonanten anfangen ([[ἀβληχρός]], [[ἀσταφίς]], [[ἄσταχυς]], [[ἀστεροπή]], [[ἀσπαίρω]], vergl. [[ἀλείφω]]) scheint es nur euphonischer Vorschlag, obgleich auch hier genauere Wurzelforschung und Vergleichung der stammverwandten Sprachen manches anders erscheinen lassen dürfte. Die Alten erklären dieses α für πλεοναστικόν. | |||
}} | |||
{{elru | |||
|elrutext='''ἀ:''' (ᾰ) приставка со знач.:<br /><b class="num">1)</b> отсутствия (ἀ privativum), соотв. русск. не- ([[ἀμαθής]]), без- ([[ἀθάνατος]]);<br /><b class="num">2)</b> совместности, объединения (ἀ copulativum), соотв. русск. равно-, одно- ([[ἀτάλαντος]]), совместно, со- (ἀχόλουθος);<br /><b class="num">3)</b> усиления (ἀ intensivum), соотв. русск. сильно, весьма ([[ἄξυλος]], [[ἄβρομος]]);<br /><b class="num">4)</b> чисто фонетическая приставка, не влияющая на смысл слова (ἀ protheticum, тж. paremphaticum, euphonicum) ([[ἀβληχρός]] вм. [[βληχρός]]). | |||
}} | |||
{{etym | |||
|etymtx=Grammatical information: pref.<br />Meaning: privative prefix (<b class="b3">α στερητικόν</b>);<br />Other forms: antevocalic <b class="b3">ἀν-</b>.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [757] <b class="b2">*n-</b><br />Etymology: Through the loss of initial consonants (<b class="b3">Ϝ-</b>, <b class="b3">σ-</b>) the original distribution was disturbed: [[ἄισος]] (< <b class="b3">*ἀ-Ϝισος</b>) beside newly made [[ἄνισος]]; this led a few times to analogical forms like <b class="b3">ἄ-οζος</b> beside original <b class="b3">ἄν-οζος</b>. In Myc. <b class="b2">aupono \/Ahupnos\/</b>, a proper name, the <b class="b2">a-</b> stands before <b class="b2">h-</b>; thus class. [[ἄυπνος]]. Also before o- the wau was originally retained: [[ἀόριστος]]. <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- was in Greek as elsewhere originally limited to verbal adjectives and Bahuvrīhis. Frisk Adj. priv. 4ff., 44ff., Subst. priv. 8ff., Wackernagel Syntax 2, 284ff., 1, 282f., Puhvel Lang. 29, 14ff., Moorhouse Studies Negatives (1959). In other languages e.g. Skt. <b class="b2">a(n)-</b>, Lat. <b class="b2">in-</b>, Germ., e.g. Goth. <b class="b2">un-</b>, PIE <b class="b2">*n̥-</b>. The sentence negative was <b class="b2">*ne</b>, in Lat. [[ne-scio]], [[ne-fas]] etc. (not in [[νέποδες]] q.v.). Some formations may be inherited, as <b class="b3">ἄν-υδρ-ος</b> = Skt. <b class="b2">an-udr-á-</b>, [[ἄγνωτος]] = Skt. <b class="b2">ájñata-</b>, Lat. [[ignotus]]. If the following word begins with laryngeal + cons., Greek gets <b class="b3">νη-</b>, <b class="b3">να-</b>, <b class="b3">νω-</b> as in [[νήγρετος]], [[νωδός]] < <b class="b2">*n-h₁gr-</b>, <b class="b2">*n-h₃d-</b>); these adjectives were again reshaped, as in [[ἀνώνυμος]]; Beekes, Lar. Greek. -- Supposed <b class="b3">ἀνα-</b> only in [[ἀνάεδος]], <b class="b3">ἀνά-ελπτος</b> and [[ἀνάπνευστος]] (the last two are analogical, the first may stand for <b class="b3">ἀν-εεδν-</b>).<br />See also: On pleonastic <b class="b3">ἀ(ν</b>)- cf. [[ἀβέλτερος]].<br />Meaning: (none)<br />Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: In Pre-Greek words a [[prothetic vowel]] occurs, e.g. [[ἄσταχυς]] \/ [[στάχυς]]. It is no doubt a phonetic process. It is rather frequent, Fur. 368-378. The vowel was [[ἀ-]], with a very few exceptions (Beekes, Pre-Greek.).<br />Meaning: in Anatolian place names, e. g. [[Ἀπαισός]] : [[Παισός]], [[Ἄθυμβρα]]: [[Θύμβρα]].<br />Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]<br />Etymology: The origin of the phenomenon is unknown; it is due to a non-IE language. The fact may be different from the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. | |||
}} | |||
==Wiktionary EN== | ==Wiktionary EN== | ||
ᾰ̓- (a-). | ᾰ̓- (a-). | ||
