ἄρα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=Ep. ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, [[ἦ]], [[ὅς]], [[γάρ]], etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. [[ἐπεί]]), before a consonant ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith. <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> <b class="b2">ir̃</b> 'and'): expressing consequence, [[then]], or mere succession, [[there and then]], and in many derived uses. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> EARLIER USAGE: to denote, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> immediate transition, [[there and then]], [[straightway]], ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' Ὄνειρος <span class="bibl">Il.2.16</span>: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο <span class="bibl">1.68</span>, al.; πυθόμενος . . εἶπε ἄ. <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.134</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.9</span>; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄρα <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>1.3.2</span>; with other Particles, [[δέ]], [[ἦ]], [[ὡς]], etc., cf. <b class="b3">ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.10</span>: also after Advbs. of Time, <b class="b3">τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα</b>, etc.; οὕτως ἄρα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>259b</span>; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο . . αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθεν <span class="bibl">Od.5.77</span>; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρ' . . κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ' . . ἀγόρευε <span class="bibl">Il.21.426</span>: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue, [[then]], [[next]], οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον <span class="bibl">2.546</span>; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος . . ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν <span class="bibl">6.154</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> to draw attention, <b class="b2">mark you!</b> τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον . . τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶος <span class="bibl">24.456</span>; with imper., ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ <span class="bibl">24.522</span>: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή <span class="bibl">5.532</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> connection, such as, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> that of [[antecedent]] and [[consequent]], οἰνοχόει . . ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλως <span class="bibl">1.599</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">24.507</span>; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε <span class="bibl">1.96</span>; freq. with [[οὕνεκα]] in protasi, <span class="bibl">7.140</span>, al.: also in questions, <b class="b3">τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην;</b> who [[then]] (say you) was . . ? <span class="bibl">2.761</span>: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, <b class="b3">ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο . . τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε</b> [[he it was]], [[whom]]... <span class="bibl">4.501</span>: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας <span class="bibl">2.35</span>, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη <span class="bibl">1.584</span>, al.; ἦ ῥα <span class="bibl">3.355</span>, al., thus, [[then]] he spoke.—This usage is universal in Greek. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> explanation of that which precedes, <b class="b3">χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα . . ἀπηύρων</b> whom ([[and for this cause]] he was angry) they had taken away, <span class="bibl">1.429</span>; <b class="b3">εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε . . φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν</b> [[for]] he said, <span class="bibl">Od.4.504</span>: freq. with [[οὕνεκα]]; so with relatives, <b class="b3">ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί</b> the [[very]] one which... <span class="bibl">Il.7.182</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than [[οὖν]]), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονία <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">EN</span>1099a24</span>; δῆλον ἄ. <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1295b33</span>; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">SE</span>174b11</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Rh.</span>1401a3</span>, al.: esp. by way of informal inference, [[as it seems]], οὐκ ἄ. σοί γε πατὴρ ἦν Πηλεύς <span class="bibl">Il.16.33</span>; οὐδ' ἄ. πως ἦν ἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι <span class="bibl">23.670</span>; μάτην ἄρ', ὡς ἔοικεν, ἥκομεν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>772</span>; <b class="b3">οὕτω κοινόν τι ἄ. χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυά ἐστιν</b> [[so true is it that]]... <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>7.1.32</span>; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίος <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>358c</span>; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα . . θερμότερα <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Eq.</span> 382</span>; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθα <span class="title">Trag.Adesp.</span>374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>375d</span>; <b class="b3">φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό</b> ib.<span class="bibl">432d</span>; <b class="b3">εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι</b>. . <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.2.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, <b class="b3">τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται;</b> [[who is there]] to save ? <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>92</span>; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, <b class="b3">οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην . . ἀπώλεσεν</b> [[what]] a band of youth was that . . ! <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>733</span>; so <b class="b3">ὡς ἄρα</b> ib.<span class="bibl">472</span>, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>577</span>; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις; <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1285</span>; τί οὖν . . ἄ. <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Oec.</span>6.2</span>; <b class="b3">πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ</b>., etc.; [[ἄ]]. alone, ἔζης ἄ. <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>686</span>: esp. in ironical comments, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Av.</span>476</span>, <span class="bibl">1371</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> epexegetic, [[namely]], <b class="b3">ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ</b>. . . <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>152d</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">156e</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> for <b class="b3">τοι ἄρα, τἄρα</b>, v. sub τοι <span class="bibl">11.2</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[εἰ]] (or [[ἐάν]]) <b class="b3"> μὴ ἄ</b>. unless [[perhaps]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>38b</span>, <span class="bibl">D.58.4</span>; separated from <b class="b3">εἰ μή</b>, <span class="bibl">Id.9.20</span>; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστιν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>1.2.8</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσιν <span class="bibl">Th.1.93</span>, etc.; or simply, [[perhaps]] (sts. separated from [[εἰ]]), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ. . . ὑπελάμβανεν <span class="bibl">D.21.8</span>; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστιν <span class="bibl">Th.4.86</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> IN CRASIS, freq. [[τἄρα]], [[μεντἄρα]], [[οὐτἄρα]]: also [[δήξομἄρα]] for <b class="b3">δήξομαι ἄ</b>., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>325</span>; [[οἰμώξετἄρα]], [[κλαύσἄρα]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Th.</span>248</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Pax</span> 532</span>: also in Trag., E.<span class="title">Hyps.Fr.</span>34.86. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> [[ἄρα]] never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (<span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mech.</span>851a22</span> is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Matt.</span>12.28</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>10.17</span>, and first in a sentence, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>11.48</span>, <span class="bibl">Vett.Val.305.20</span>; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.</span>