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|Transliteration C=penomai | |Transliteration C=penomai | ||
|Beta Code=pe/nomai | |Beta Code=pe/nomai | ||
|Definition=used only in pres. and impf., (cf. [[πενέω]]) : <span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> intr., [[toil]], [[work]], ἀμφίπολοι... ἐνὶ μεγάροισι πένοντο <span class="bibl">Od.10.348</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ δεῖπνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι π</b>. [[ | |Definition=used only in pres. and impf., (cf. [[πενέω]]) : <span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> intr., [[toil]], [[work]], ἀμφίπολοι... ἐνὶ μεγάροισι πένοντο <span class="bibl">Od.10.348</span>; <b class="b3">περὶ δεῖπνον ἐνὶ μεγάροισι π</b>. were [[busy]] preparing a [[meal]], <span class="bibl">4.624</span>; ἀμφ' αὐτὸν ἑταῖροι ἐσσυμένως ἐπένοντο <span class="bibl">Il.24.124</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> after Hom., (to [[have to work for one's living]], hence) to [[be poor]] or [[be needy]], <span class="bibl">Sol.15</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span> 1220</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.40</span>, etc.; πλουσία ἢ πενομένη πόλις <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>577e</span>; <b class="b3">πλουτοῦντες ἢ πενόμενοι</b> <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Plt.</span>293a</span>; π. καὶ κάμνειν <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Grg.</span>477d</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> c. gen., to [[be poor in]], [[have need of]], <b class="b3">τῶν σοφῶν</b> (i. e. <b class="b3">τῆς σοφίας</b>) <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>431</span>; ὡς διαλλαγὰς ἔχοιμεν ἀλλήλοισιν ὧν πένοιτο γῆ <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Supp.</span>210</span>; πάντων <span class="bibl">Porph.<span class="title">Marc.</span>27</span>; πενόμενον τὴν ψυχὴν τῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων αὐτῇ καλῶν <span class="bibl">Hierocl. <span class="title">in CA</span> 14p.451M.</span> : c. acc., χρήματα Them. <span class="title">Or.</span>(i. e. Constant.pro Them.) 22b. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> trans., [[work at]], [[get ready]], δόμον κάτα δαῖτα πένοντο <span class="bibl">Od.2.322</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">3.428</span>, etc.; ἔργα <span class="bibl">Hes.<span class="title">Op.</span>773</span>; <b class="b3">ὁππότε κεν δὴ ταῦτα πενώμεθα</b> when we <b class="b2">are a-doing</b> this, <span class="bibl">Od.13.394</span>; <b class="b3">τί σε χρὴ ταῦτα πένεσθαι</b>; <span class="bibl">24.407</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.19.200</span>.—On the precise meaning of [[πένομαι]], [[πενία]], cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>551</span> sqq. (Cf. [[πένης]], [[πόνος]], [[πονηρός]].)</span> | ||
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{{elnl | {{elnl | ||
|elnltext= | |elnltext=πένομαι [~ πόνος] alleen praes., imperf. ἐπενόμην, ep. 3 sing. πένετο, 3 plur. πένοντο met acc. gereedmaken, voorbereiden:. δαῖτα de maaltijd Od. 2.322. intrans. hard werken, bezig zijn:. περὶ δεῖπνον met de maaltijd Od. 4.624. arm zijn; gebrek hebben aan, met gen.: τῶν σοφῶν γὰρ οὐ πένῃ aan wijsheid heeft u geen gebrek Aeschl. Eum. 431. | ||
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{{etym | {{etym | ||
|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide</b> (Il.), <b class="b2">to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.</b> (Sol., trag., Pl.).<br />Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.<br />Compounds: Often w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, also w. <b class="b3">συν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: 1. [[πενία]], ion. <b class="b3">-ίη</b> f. [[poverty]], [[lack]] (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. <b class="b3">πενιχρ-ός</b> <b class="b2">poor, devoid of smth.</b> (γ 348; cf. zu [[μελιχρός]] s. [[μέλι]]) with <b class="b3">-ότης</b> f. (S. E.). <b class="b3">-αλέος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (AP). 3. [[πένης]], <b class="b3">-ητος</b> m. (f. <b class="b3">πένησσα πτωχή</b> H.) <b class="b2">who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor</b> in opposition both to [[πλούσιος]] and to [[πτωχός]] = [[begging]], [[destitute]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">πενέσ-τερος</b>, <b class="b3">-τατος</b> (X., D.); after <b class="b3">ἀσθενέσ-τερος</b> a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from <b class="b3">*πενετ-τερος</b>); from it <b class="b3">πενητ-εύω</b> to [[be poor]] (Emp.), <b class="b3">-υλίδας</b> m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. <b class="b3">*Πενητ-ύλος</b> (as <b class="b3">Φειδ-ύλος</b>, <b class="b3">Πενθ-ύλος</b> a.o.). -- 4. [[πόνος]] m. <b class="b2">(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour</b> (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">παυσί-πονος</b> [[ending pain]] (E., Ar. in lyr.); but <b class="b3">ματαιο-πόνος</b> a.o. to [[πονέομαι]], s. v. From it <b class="b3">πον-ηρός</b> [[toilsome]], [[useless]], [[bad]], [[evil]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ηρία</b>, <b class="b3">-ηρεύομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ήρευμα</b>; [[πονόεις]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative [[πονέομαι]], also w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b> a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), [[πονέω]], also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b> a.o. (posthom.) <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer</b>, trans. [[to cause pain]]. As 2. member a.o. in <b class="b3">ματαιο-πονέω</b> [[to labour in vain]] (Democr.) with <b class="b3">-πονία</b> (Str.), <b class="b3">-πόνημα</b> (Iamb.), <b class="b3">-πόνος</b> (Plu., Gal.). From it <b class="b3">πόν-ημα</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>) n. [[labour]], [[work]] (Pl., E. u.a.), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) f. [[labour]], [[effort]] (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. <b class="b3">διάπον-ος</b> [[working hard]], [[weary]] (Plu.) from <b class="b3">δια-πονέω</b>. 6. Beside it [[πονάω]] only in [[ἐπονάθη]] (Pi.) and [[ἐπόνασαν]] (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present [[πένομαι]], which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative [[πονέομαι]], <b class="b3">-έω</b> and by its synonyms, e.g. [[κάμνω]], [[δέω]], is in the epos used especially of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning [[want]], [[lack]], [[be poor]] (from where [[πενία]] and [[πενιχρός]] already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. [[laborare]] [[exert oneself]], also [[be in need]], [[be pressed]] (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that [[πένομαι]] orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for [[stretch]], [[twist]], [[weave]] in Lith. <b class="b2"> | |etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide</b> (Il.), <b class="b2">to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.</b> (Sol., trag., Pl.).<br />Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.<br />Compounds: Often w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, also w. <b class="b3">συν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: 1. [[πενία]], ion. <b class="b3">-ίη</b> f. [[poverty]], [[lack]] (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. <b class="b3">πενιχρ-ός</b> <b class="b2">poor, devoid of smth.</b> (γ 348; cf. zu [[μελιχρός]] s. [[μέλι]]) with <b class="b3">-ότης</b> f. (S. E.). <b class="b3">-αλέος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (AP). 3. [[πένης]], <b class="b3">-ητος</b> m. (f. <b class="b3">πένησσα πτωχή</b> H.) <b class="b2">who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor</b> in opposition both to [[πλούσιος]] and to [[πτωχός]] = [[begging]], [[destitute]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">πενέσ-τερος</b>, <b class="b3">-τατος</b> (X., D.); after <b class="b3">ἀσθενέσ-τερος</b> a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from <b class="b3">*πενετ-τερος</b>); from it <b class="b3">πενητ-εύω</b> to [[be poor]] (Emp.), <b class="b3">-υλίδας</b> m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. <b class="b3">*Πενητ-ύλος</b> (as <b class="b3">Φειδ-ύλος</b>, <b class="b3">Πενθ-ύλος</b> a.o.). -- 4. [[πόνος]] m. <b class="b2">(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour</b> (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">παυσί-πονος</b> [[ending pain]] (E., Ar. in lyr.); but <b class="b3">ματαιο-πόνος</b> a.o. to [[πονέομαι]], s. v. From it <b class="b3">πον-ηρός</b> [[toilsome]], [[useless]], [[bad]], [[evil]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ηρία</b>, <b class="b3">-ηρεύομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ήρευμα</b>; [[πονόεις]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative [[πονέομαι]], also w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b> a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), [[πονέω]], also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b> a.o. (posthom.) <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer</b>, trans. [[to cause pain]]. As 2. member a.o. in <b class="b3">ματαιο-πονέω</b> [[to labour in vain]] (Democr.) with <b class="b3">-πονία</b> (Str.), <b class="b3">-πόνημα</b> (Iamb.), <b class="b3">-πόνος</b> (Plu., Gal.). From it <b class="b3">πόν-ημα</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>) n. [[labour]], [[work]] (Pl., E. u.a.), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) f. [[labour]], [[effort]] (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. <b class="b3">διάπον-ος</b> [[working hard]], [[weary]] (Plu.) from <b class="b3">δια-πονέω</b>. 6. Beside it [[πονάω]] only in [[ἐπονάθη]] (Pi.) and [[ἐπόνασαν]] (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present [[πένομαι]], which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative [[πονέομαι]], <b class="b3">-έω</b> and by its synonyms, e.g. [[κάμνω]], [[δέω]], is in the epos used especially of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning [[want]], [[lack]], [[be poor]] (from where [[πενία]] and [[πενιχρός]] already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. [[laborare]] [[exert oneself]], also [[be in need]], [[be pressed]] (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that [[πένομαι]] orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for [[stretch]], [[twist]], [[weave]] in Lith. <b class="b2">pìnti</b> [[twist]], OCS <b class="b2">pęti</b> [[stretch]], Arm. [[hanum]] and [[henum]] [[weave]], further OHG etc. [[spin]]. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been [[unharness]], one may also from there through [[harness oneself]] come to [[exert oneself]] (cf. Arm. [[y-enum]] [[stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders]]?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. [[pendeō]]. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of [[πένητες]] and [[πλούσιοι]] and synonyms and of [[πενία]] and [[πλοῦτος]] s. J. Hemelrijk [[Πενία]] [[en]] [[Πλοῦτος]]. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. [[πεῖνα]] und [[σπάνις]]. | ||
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{{FriskDe | {{FriskDe | ||
|ftr='''πένομαι''': {pénomai}<br />'''Forms''': nur Präs. u. Ipf.,<br />'''Grammar''': v.<br />'''Meaning''': [[sich anstrengen]], [[sich abmühen]], [[bearbeiten]], [[bereiten]], [[besorgen]] (ep. seit Il.), ‘sich anstrengen, harte Arbeit tun (müssen), unbemittelt sein, Mangel haben’ (Sol., Trag., Pl. u.a.).<br />'''Composita''' : oft m. ἀμφι-, auch m. συν-,<br />'''Derivative''': Ableitungen: 1. [[πενία]], ion. -ίη f. [[Armut]], [[Mangel]] (seit ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 u. 39); 2. [[πενιχρός]] [[arm]], [[ermangelnd]] (poet. seit γ 348; vgl. zu [[μελιχρός]] s. [[μέλι]]) mit -ότης f. (S. E.). -αλέος ib. (''AP''). 3. [[πένης]], -ητος m. (f. [[πένησσα]] | |ftr='''πένομαι''': {pénomai}<br />'''Forms''': nur Präs. u. Ipf.,<br />'''Grammar''': v.<br />'''Meaning''': [[sich anstrengen]], [[sich abmühen]], [[bearbeiten]], [[bereiten]], [[besorgen]] (ep. seit Il.), ‘sich anstrengen, harte Arbeit tun (müssen), unbemittelt sein, Mangel haben’ (Sol., Trag., Pl. u.a.).<br />'''Composita''' : oft m. ἀμφι-, auch m. συν-,<br />'''Derivative''': Ableitungen: 1. [[πενία]], ion. -ίη f. [[Armut]], [[Mangel]] (seit ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 u. 39); 2. [[πενιχρός]] [[arm]], [[ermangelnd]] (poet. seit γ 348; vgl. zu [[μελιχρός]] s. [[μέλι]]) mit -ότης f. (S. E.). -αλέος ib. (''AP''). 3. [[πένης]], -ητος m. (f. [[πένησσα]]· πτωχή H.) [[der von seiner Hände Arbeit leben muß]], [[unbemittelt]], [[arm]] im Gegensatz sowohl zu [[πλούσιος]] wie zu [[πτωχός]] = [[bettelnd]], [[bettelarm]] (ion. att.) mit [[πενέστερος]], -τατος (X., D.); nach ἀσθενέστερος u.a.; nicht mit Schwyzer 535 aus *πενεττερος); davon [[πενητεύω]] [[arm sein]] (Emp. u.a.), -υλίδας m. "Sohn der Armut" (Kerk.), von einem hypokor. *Πενητύλoς (wie Φειδύλος, Πενθύλος u.a.). — 4. [[πόνος]] m. ‘(harte) Arbeit, Anstrengung, Kampf, Leid, Schmerz, Frucht der Arbeit’ (seit Il.; zur Bed. Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); auch als Hinterglied, z.B. [[παυσίπονος]] [[Schmerz stillend]] (E. u. Ar. in lyr.); aber [[ματαιοπόνος]] u.a. zu πονέομαι, s. d. Davon [[πονηρός]] [[mühselig]], [[unbrauchbar]], [[schlecht]], [[böse]] (ion. att.) mit -ηρία, -ηρεύομαι, -ήρευμα; [[πονόεις]] ib. (Man.). — 5. Iteratives Deverbativum πονέομαι, auch m. ἀμφι-, δια- u.a. (seit Il., vorw. in der älteren Sprache), [[πονέω]], auch m. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- u.a. (nachhom.) [[sich anstrengen]], [[besorgen]], [[leiden]], trans. [[Schmerz verursachen]]. Als Hinterglied u.a. in [[ματαιοπονέω]] [[vergebliche Arbeit tun]] (Demokr. u.a.) mit -πονία (Str.), -[[πόνημα]] (Iamb.), -[[πόνος]] (Plu., Gal.). Davon [[πόνημα]] (δια-) n. [[Arbeit]], [[Werk]] (Pl., E. u.a.), -ησις (δια-, κατα-) f. [[Arbeit]], [[Mühe]] (Plu., D. L. u.a.); als Rückbildung z.B. [[διάπονος]] [[hart arbeitend]], [[ermüdet]] (Plu.) von [[διαπονέω]]. 6. Daneben πονάω nur in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) und ἐπόνασαν (Theok.); s. Schwyzer 719 m. A. 1.<br />'''Etymology''' : Nicht sicher erklärt. Das primäre Präsens [[πένομαι]], das von seinem eigenen Iterativum πονέομαι, -έω und von Synonymen, z.B. [[κάμνω]], [[δέω]], zurückgedrängt und ersetzt wurde, wird im Epos besonders von der häuslichen Arbeit gebraucht (vgl. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). Die Bed. [[Mangel haben]], [[arm sein]] (wovon [[πενία]] und [[πενιχρός]] schon seit Od.) hat sich daraus auf ähnliche Weise entwickelt wie bei lat. ''laborare'' [[sich anstrengen]], auch [[in Not sein]], [[bedrängt sein]] (unbegründeter Zweifel bei WP. 2, 661). Dunkel ist dagegen die frühere Bed.geschichte. Möglich ist, daß [[πένομαι]] ursprünglich eine gewisse Art der häuslichen Arbeit bezeichnete und von da aus verallgemeinert wurde. Zum Vergleich bieten sich dann Ausdrücke für [[spannen]], [[flechten]], [[weben]] in lit. ''pìnti'' [[flechten]], aksl. ''pęti'' [[spannen]], arm. ''hanum'' und ''henum'' [[weben]], dazu noch nhd. usw. ''spinnen''. Da die Grundbedeutung dieses Verbs [[ausspannen]] gewesen zu sein scheint, kann man aber auch davon über [[sich anspannen]] zu [[sich anstrengen]] gelangen (vgl. noch arm. ''y''-''enum'' ‘sich mit Schultern od. Händen an etwas stemmen od. stützen’?). So (nach Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 und Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; weitere Kombinationen bei WP. 2, 66off., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. ''pendeō''. Weil sich aber der semantische Verlauf verschieden auffassen läßt, entbehrt diese Etymologie, obgleich sehr wohl möglich, der beweisenden Kraft. An Entlehnung ist jedenfalls schwerlich zu denken. —Zur Bed. von πένητες und πλούσιοι nebst Synonymen und von [[πενία]] und [[πλοῦτος]] s. J. Hemelrijk [[Πενία]] en [[Πλοῦτος]]. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Vgl. [[πεῖνα]] und [[σπάνις]].<br />'''Page''' 2,504-506 | ||
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