σύν: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῠ], old Att. [[ξύν]]; Boeot. [[σούν]] <span class="title">IG</span>7.3171.39 (Orchom. Boeot., iii B.C.): Prep. with dat. (rarely c. gen., <b class="b3">σὺν τῶν ἐν αὺτῷ νεκρῶν</b> Mitteis <span class="title">Chr.</span>129.23 (ii B.C.); <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> σὺν ἡρώων <span class="title">IPE</span>2.383 (Phanagoria); <b class="b3">σὺν γυναικός</b> ib.301 (Panticapaeum), cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ostr.</span>240.5</span> (ii A.D.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLond.</span>1.113</span><span class="bibl"> iv 19</span> (vi A.D.)):—[[with]]. The form [[ξύν]] rarely occurs in Hom., though it is not rare in compds. even when not required by the metre, as in <b class="b3">ξυνέαξα, ξυνοχῇσιν, ξύμβλητο, ξύμπαντα</b>; Hes. also uses [[ξύμπας]], [[ξυνιέναι]]; in Ion. verse we find ξύν <span class="bibl">Thgn.1063</span> (but σύν <span class="bibl">Id.50</span>), <span class="bibl">Sol. 19.3</span> (perhaps old Attic), but σύν <span class="bibl">Archil.4</span>, cf. [[ξυνωνίη]], [[συνίημι]]; in early Ion. Prose (including Inscrr., cf. <span class="title">SIG</span>1.2 (Abu Simbel, vi B.C.), 167.37 (Mylasa, iv B.C.), etc.) [[ξύν]] is only found in ξυνίημι <span class="bibl">Heraclit.51</span>, <span class="bibl">Democr.95</span> (cf. [[ἀξύνετος]], [[ἀξυνεσίη]], [[ξύνεσις]]), and in the phrase <b class="b3">ξὺν νῷ</b> ([[νόῳ]] codd.) <span class="bibl">Heraclit.114</span>, <span class="bibl">Democr.35</span>; Hdt. has only [[σύν]], and in codd. Hp. [[ξύν]] has weaker authority than [[σύν]] (i p.cxxv Kuehlewein); in the late Ionic of Aret., [[ξύν]] prevails over [[σύν]]; in Aeol. and Dor. it is rare, ξυνοίκην Sapph.75; ξυναλίαξε <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>93</span>; elsewh. Dor. [[σύν]], <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span> 5.6, <span class="title">IG</span>9(1).334.47 (Locr., v B.C.), etc.; but in old Att. Inscrr. [[ξύν]] is the only form up to 500 B.C.; [[σύν]] appears in v B.C. and becomes usual towards the end; after 378 B.C. [[ξύν]] survives only in the formula <b class="b3">γνώμην δὲ ξυμβάλλεσθαι κτλ</b>.; the phrase <b class="b3">ξὺν νῷ</b> is found in <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span> 580</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cri.</span>48c</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Men.</span>88b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">R.</span>619b</span> (σὺν <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Or.</span>909</span>); otherwise, of Att. Prose writers Th. alone uses the preposition [[ξύν]], Antipho and Lysias have <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> a few times in compds.; codd. Pl. have both <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> (<span class="bibl"><span class="title">Lg.</span>930a</span>, al.) and <b class="b3">συν-</b>; in Antipho Soph.<span class="title">Oxy.</span>1364, Aristox., Arr., Ael., and Anon.Rhythm. <b class="b3">ξυν-</b> is very freq.; in Trag. both forms occur. The Prep. [[σύν]] gradually gave way to [[μετά]] with [[genitive]], so that whereas A. has 67 examples of [[σύν]] to 8 of [[μετά]] with [[genitive]], the proportions in Th. are <span class="bibl">400</span> of [[μετά]] to <span class="bibl">37</span> of [[σύν]], in D. 346 of [[μετά]] to 15 of [[σύν]], and in Arist. 300 of [[μετά]] to 8 of [[σύν]]: for these and other statistics see C. J. T. Mommsen, [[Beiträge zur Lehre von den griechischen Präpositionen]] (Frankfurt 1886-95): in Att. Prose and Com. [[σύν]] is restricted for the most part to signf. 8, 9 and a few phrases, such as <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ, σὺν (τοῖς) ὅπλοις</b>; Xenophon uses it freely, having 556 examples to 275 of [[μετά]]; in Pap., <span class="title">NT</span>, and later Prose its use is much less restricted (v. infr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> [[in company with]], [[together with]], δεῦρό ποτ' ἤλυθε . . σὺν Μενελάῳ <span class="bibl">Il.3.206</span>; ξ. παιδὶ . . πύργῳ ἐφεστήκει <span class="bibl">6.372</span>; σὺν τοῖσδε ὑπέκφυγον <span class="bibl">Od.9.286</span>; καταφθίσθαι σὺν ἐκείνῳ <span class="bibl">2.183</span>; ἀπελαύνειν σὺν τῷ στρατῷ <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.101</span>; ἐπαιδεύετο σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>1.9.2</span>; σὺν αὐτῷ σταυροῦσι δύο λῃστάς <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Marc.</span>15.27</span>; οὐδένα ἔχω σὺν ἐμοί <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>10.1161.12</span> (iv A.D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with collat. notion of help or aid, <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ</b> [[with]] God's [[help]] or [[blessing]], as God wills, <span class="bibl">Il.9.49</span>; σὺν σοί, πότνα θεά <span class="bibl">Od.13.391</span>; πέμψον δέ με σὺν γε θεοῖσιν <span class="bibl">Il.24.430</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">15.26</span>; σὺν θεῷ φυτευθεὶς ὄλβος <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>8.17</span>; <b class="b3">σὺν θεῷ εἰρημένον</b> spoken as by inspiration, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.86</span>; σὺν θεῷ δ' εἰρήσεται <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>114</span>; σὺν θεῷ εἰπεῖν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Tht.</span>151b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Prt.</span> 317b</span>; ξ. θεοῖς <span class="bibl">Th.1.86</span>; so <b class="b3">σὺν δαίμονι, σὺν Ἀθήνῃ καὶ Διί</b>, <span class="bibl">Il.11.792</span>, <span class="bibl">20.192</span>; σὺν Χαρίτεσσιν <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">N.</span>9.54</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">P.</span>9.2</span>; ξ. τῷ θεῷ πᾶς καὶ γελᾷ κὠδύρεται <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>383</span>; also <b class="b3">θεοῦ σὺν παλάμᾳ, σὺν θεοῦ τύχᾳ</b>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>10(11).21</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">N.</span>6.24</span>: generally, of personal cooperation, <b class="b3">σὺν σοὶ φραζέσθω</b> let him consult [[with]] you, <span class="bibl">Il.9.346</span>; λοχησάμενος σὺν ἑταίρῳ <span class="bibl">Od.13.268</span>; <b class="b3">ξ. τῇ βουλῇ</b> [[in consultation with]] the Council, <span class="title">IG</span>12.63.17; <b class="b3">σὺν τινὶ μάχεσθαι</b> fight [[at]] his [[side]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>5.3.5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">HG</span>4.1.34</span>; <b class="b3">σὺν τινὶ εἶναι</b> or [[γίγνεσθαι]] to be [[with]] another, i.e.[[on]] his [[side]], [[of]] his [[party]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>3.1.21</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Smp.</span>5.10</span>; <b class="b3">οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ</b> his friends, followers, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>1.2.15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Act.Ap.</span>14.4</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[furnished with]], [[endued with]], σὺν μεγάλῃ ἀρετῇ ἐκτήσω ἄκοιτιν <span class="bibl">Od.24.193</span>; πόλιν θεοδμάτῳ σὺν ἐλευθερίᾳ ἔκτισσε <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>1.61</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> of things that belong, or are attached, to a person, <b class="b3">σὺν νηΐ</b> or <b class="b3">σὺν νηυσί</b>, i.e. on board ship, <span class="bibl">Il.1.389</span>, <span class="bibl">179</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">σὺν νηυσὶν ἀλαπάξαι</b>, opp. [[πεζός]], <span class="bibl">9.328</span> (so in Prose, σὺν ναυσὶ προσπλεῖν <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">HG</span>2.2.7</span>, etc.); σὺν ἵπποισιν καὶ ὄχεσφιν <span class="bibl">Il.5.219</span>; especially of arms, μιν κατέκηε σὺν ἔντεσι <span class="bibl">6.418</span>; στῆ δ' εὐρὰξ σὺν δουρί <span class="bibl">15.541</span>; [[ἀντιβίην]] or <b class="b3">ἀντίβιον σὺν ἔντεσι</b> or <b class="b3">σὺν τεύχεσι πειρηθῆναι</b>, <span class="bibl">5.220</span>, <span class="bibl">11.386</span>; σὺν ἔντεσι μάρνασθαι <span class="bibl">13.719</span>; σκῆπτρον, σὺν τῷ ἔβη <span class="bibl">2.47</span>; <b class="b3">ἄγγελος ἦλθε . . σὺν ἀγγελίῃ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">787</span>; ς. (or [[ξ]].) ὅπλοις <span class="bibl">Th.2.2</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span> 947c</span>, <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.17.1</span>; ς. (or [[ξ]].) τοῖς ὅπλοις <span class="bibl">Th.2.90</span>, <span class="bibl">4.14</span>, <span class="title">Hell.Oxy.</span> 10.1, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>763a</span>, <span class="bibl">Aen.Tact.11.8</span>; σὺν ἐγχειριδίοις <span class="title">Hell.Oxy.</span>10.2; ξ. ξιφιδίῳ καὶ θώρακι <span class="bibl">Th.3.22</span>; ξ. ἑνὶ ἱματίῳ <span class="bibl">Id.2.70</span>; in some such cases ς. is little more than expletive, as <b class="b3">σὺν τεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες</b> ll.<span class="bibl">8.530</span>, etc.: with [[αὐτός]] (cf. αὐτός <span class="bibl">1.5</span>), chiefly in Hom., ἀνόρουσεν αὐτῇ σὺν φόρμιγγι <span class="bibl">Il.9.194</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">14.498</span>; αὐτῷ σὺν τε λίνῳ καὶ ῥήγεϊ <span class="bibl">Od.13.118</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> of things accompanying, or of concurrent circumstances, ἄνεμος σὺν λαίλαπι <span class="bibl">Il.17.57</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Od.12.408</span>; of coincidence in time, ἄκρᾳ σὺν ἑσπέρᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>11.10</span>; <b class="b3">καιρῷ σὺν ἀτρεκεῖ</b> ib.<span class="bibl">8.7</span>; [[σὺν τῷ χρόνῳ προϊόντι]] <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.6</span>; [[in the course of time]], κείνῳ σὺν ἄματι <span class="bibl">B.10.23</span>, cf. 125, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">Fr.</span>123</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">6</span> of necessary connexion or consequence, <b class="b3">σὺν μεγάλῳ ἀποτεῖσαι</b> to pay [[with]] a great loss, i.e. suffer greatly, <span class="bibl">Il.4.161</span>; <b class="b3">δημοσίῳ σὺν κακῷ</b> [[with]] loss to the public, <span class="bibl">Thgn.50</span>; <b class="b3">σὺν τῷ σῷ ἀγαθῷ</b> to your advantage, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>3.1.15</span>; <b class="b3">ὤλοντο . . σὺν μιάς ματι</b> [[with]] pollution, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>172</span>; to denote agreement, [[in accordance with]], σὺν τῷ δικαίῳ καὶ καλῷ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">An.</span>2.6.18</span>; σὺν δίκᾳ <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>9.96</span>; σὺν κόσμῳ <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.86</span>, <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Mu.</span>398b23</span>; σὺν τάχει <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>872</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">7</span> of the instrument or means, [[with the help of]], [[by means of]], σὺν ἐλαίῳ φαρμακώσαισα <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.221</span>; διήλλαχθε σὺν σιδάρῳ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>885</span> (lyr.); πλοῦτον ἐκτήσω ξ. αἰχμῇ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pers.</span>755</span> (troch.); ἡ [τῶν φίλων] κτῆσίς ἐστιν οὐδαμῶς σὺν τῇ βίᾳ <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.7.13</span>; ξ. ἐπαίνῳ <span class="bibl">Th.1.84</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">8</span> [[including]], κεφάλαιον σὺν ἐπωνίοις <span class="title">IG</span>12.329.5, cf. 22.1388.85, 1407.12, al.; τοῦ Πειραιῶς ξ. Μουνυχίᾳ <span class="bibl">Th.2.13</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.124</span>, <span class="bibl">5.26</span>, <span class="bibl">74</span>, <span class="bibl">7.42</span>, <span class="bibl">8.90</span>, <span class="bibl">95</span>; <b class="b3">δισχίλιαι γάρ εἰσι</b> (sc. [[δραχμαὶ]]) σὺν ταῖς Νικίου <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>100</span>; ἀνήλωσα σὺν τῇ τῆς σκευῆς ἀναθέσει ἑκκαίδεκα μνᾶς <span class="bibl">Lys.21.4</span>, cf. 2; αἶγας ἀπέδοτο σὺν τῷ αἰπόλῳ τριῶν καὶ δέκα μνῶν <span class="bibl">Is.6.33</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">8.8</span>,<span class="bibl">35</span>, <span class="bibl">11.42</span>,<span class="bibl">46</span>, <span class="bibl">Aeschin. 2.162</span>, <span class="bibl">D.19.155</span>, <span class="bibl">27.23</span>,al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>525b15</span>,<span class="bibl">17</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ath.</span>19.6</span>, <span class="bibl">Hipparch. 1.1.9</span>, al., <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PSI</span>10.1124.14</span> (ii A.D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">9</span> [[excluding]], [[apart from]], [[plus]], <b class="b3">ἓξ ἐμοὶ σὺν ἑβδόμῳ</b> six [[with]] (but not including) me the seventh, <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Th.</span>283</span>; αἱ γὰρ καμπαὶ τέτταρες, ἢ δύο σὺν τοῖς πτερυγίοις <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span> 490a32</span>; σὺν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις τὸν οἶκον ἐκ τῶν προσόδων μείζω ποιῆσαι <span class="bibl">D. 27.61</span>; τὴν ἐφαπτίδα σὺν τῇ σακκοπήρᾳ ἐν ᾗ ἐνῆν <b class="b2">together with . .</b>, PEnteux.32.7, cf. 89.9 (iii B.C.); οἱ γραμματεῖς σὺν τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Luc.</span>20.1</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>5.24</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION:—[[σύν]] sometimes follows its case, <span class="bibl">Il.10.19</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.9.332</span>, <span class="bibl">15.410</span>. It freq. stands between Adj. and Subst., as <span class="bibl">Od.11.359</span>, <span class="bibl">Il.9.194</span>, etc.; more rarely between Subst. and Adj., <span class="bibl">Od.13.258</span>, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span> 8.7</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> freq. in tmesis in Hom., as <span class="bibl">Il.23.687</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.14.296</span>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> in late Gr. <b class="b3">σὺν καὶ</b> c. dat., στεφανηφορήσας σὺν καὶ Αὐρ. Ἰάσονι <span class="title">IG</span>12(7).259 (Amorgos, iii A.D.), cf. <span class="title">Supp.Epigr.</span>4.535 (Ephesus, ii/iii A.D.), <span class="title">Rev.Phil.</span>50.11 (Sardis, i/iii A.D.), <span class="bibl"><span class="title">CPR</span>26.16</span> (ii A.D.); cf. infr. c. <span class="bibl">2</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> [[σύν]] AS ADV., [[together]], [[at once]], κενεὰς σὺν Χεῖρας ἔχοντες <span class="bibl">Od.10.42</span>; mostly folld. by [[δέ]] or τε, σὺν δὲ πτερὰ πυκνὰ λίασθεν <span class="bibl">Il.23.879</span>; σὺν τε δύ' ἐρχομένω <span class="bibl">10.224</span> (cf. [[σύνδυο]]); ξ. τε διπλοῖ βασιλῆς <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Aj.</span>960</span> (lyr.). It is sometimes hard to distinguish this from tmesis, e.g. in <span class="bibl">Il.23.879</span>; so <b class="b3">ξὺν κακῶς ποιεῖν</b> is = [[Ξυγκακοποιεῖν]] in <span class="bibl">Th.3.13</span>. In Old Testament Gr. it is sometimes used to translate the Hebr. <b class="b2">'ēth</b> (particle prefixed to the definite accus.) through confusion with the Prep. <b class="b2">'ēth</b> 'with', ἐμίσησα σὺν τὴν ζωήν <span class="bibl">LXX<span class="title">Ec.</span>2.17</span>; <b class="b3">οὐκ ἐμνήσθη σὺν τοῦ ἀνδρός</b> ib.<span class="bibl">9.15</span>; ἔκτισεν ὁ θεὸς σὺν τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ σὺν τὴν γῆν Aq.<span class="title">Ge.</span>1.1, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[besides]], [[also]], σὺν δὲ πλουτίζειν ἐμέ <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>586</span>; σὺν δ' αὔτως ἐγώ <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span> 85</span>, etc.; σὺν δ' ἐγὼ παρών <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Aj.</span>1288</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">El.</span>299</span>; Δίρκα τε . . σὺν τ' Ἀσωπιάδες κόραι <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">HF</span>785</span> (lyr.); in later Poetry σὺν καί <span class="bibl">A.R.1.74</span>, <span class="bibl">Herod.4.3</span>, <span class="bibl">Nic.<span class="title">Th.</span>8</span>, <span class="bibl">D.P.843</span> (also in late Prose, <span class="bibl">Ath.2.49a</span>; cf. supr. B. 3). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> IN COMPOS. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> <b class="b2">with, along with, together, at the same time</b>, hence of any kind of union, connection, or participation in a thing, and metaph. of agreement or unity. In Compos. with a trans. Verb [[σύν]] may refer to the Object as well as the Subject, as [[συγκατακτείνειν]] may mean [[kill one person as well as another]], or, [[join with another in killing]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of the completion of an action, [[altogether]], [[completely]], as in συνάγνυμι, συνασκέω 2, <b class="b3">συνθρύπτω, συγκόπτω, συμπατέω, συμπληρόω, συντελέω, συντέμνω</b>; sts., therefore, it seems only to strengthen the force of the simple word. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> joined with numerals, [[σύνδυο]] [[two together]], which sense often becomes distributive, [[by twos]], [[two and two]]; so [[σύντρεις]], [[σύμπεντε]], etc., like Lat. [[bini]], [[terni]], etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> [[σύν]] in Compos., before <b class="b3">β μ π φ ψ</b>, becomes <b class="b3">συμ-</b>; before <b class="b3">γ κ ξ Χ, συγ-</b>; before <b class="b3">λ συλ-</b>; before σ usu. <b class="b3">συσ-</b>; but becomes <b class="b3">συ-</b> before σ followed by a conson. (e.g. [[συστῆναι]]), before ζ, and perhaps sometimes before ξ. In a poet. passage, ap.<span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>237a</span>, we have [[ξύμ]] alone in tmesi, <b class="b3">ξύμ μοι λάβεσθε</b> for <b class="b3">συλλάβεσθέ μοι</b>; cf. ὅτε ξὺμ πρῶτ' ἐφύοντο <span class="bibl">Emp.95</span>: in Inscrr. and Papyri these assimilations are freq. not found.</span>