λύκος: Difference between revisions

|Definition=[ῠ], ὁ, <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[wolf]], <span class="bibl">Il.16.156</span>, <span class="bibl">352</span>; [[πολιός]] [[grisly]], <span class="bibl">10.334</span>; κρατερώνυχες <span class="bibl">Od.10.218</span>; [[ὀρέστεροι]] ib.<span class="bibl">212</span>; ὠμοφάγοι <span class="bibl">Il.16.156</span>; κοιλογάστορες <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Th.</span>1041</span>; the small Egyptian wolves mentioned by <span class="bibl">Hdt. 2.67</span> were perhaps [[jackals]]: various kinds distinguished by <span class="bibl">Opp.<span class="title">C.</span>3.293</span> sqq.: [[proverb|prov.]] <b class="b3">λύκον ἰδεῖν</b> to see [[a wolf]], i. e. to [[be struck dumb]], as was vulgarly believed of any one at whom a wolf got the first look (<span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>336d</span>), <span class="bibl">Theoc.14.22</span>; <b class="b3">λύκου πτερά</b>, of things that are not, 'pigeon's milk', Suid.; <b class="b3">ὡς λ. χανών</b>, of vain expectation, <span class="bibl">Eub.15.11</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Fr.</span>337</span>, <span class="bibl">Euphro 1.31</span>; λ. κεχηνώς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Lys.</span>629</span>; <b class="b3">πρίν κεν λ. οἶν ὑμεναιοῖ</b>, of an impossibility, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Pax</span>1076</span>, <span class="bibl">1112</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.22.263</span>; <b class="b3">ὡς λύκοι ἄρν' ἀγαπῶσιν</b>, of treacherous or unnatural love, Poet. ap. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>241d</span>; <b class="b3">λύκου βίον ζῆν</b>, i. e. live by rapine, Prov. ap. <span class="bibl">Plb.16.24.4</span>; <b class="b3">ἐκ λύκου στόματος</b>, of getting a thing [[praeter spem]], <span class="bibl">Zen.3.48</span>; <b class="b3">τῶν ὤτων ἔχειν τὸν λύκον</b> 'catch a Tartar', <span class="bibl">Apollod.Car.18</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Plb.30.20.8</span>; <b class="b3">λ. ἀετὸν φεύγει</b>, of the inescapable, <span class="bibl">Diogenian.6.19</span>; <b class="b3">λ. περὶ φρέαρ χορεύει</b>, of those engaged in vain pursuits, ib.<span class="bibl">21</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> a kind of [[daw]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span> 617b17</span>; cf. [[λύκιος]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> [[a fish]], = [[καλλιώνυμος]], Hices. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath.7.282d</span>, <span class="title">Gp.</span>18.14.1. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> a kind of [[spider]], <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">HA</span>623a2</span>, <span class="bibl">Nic.<span class="title">Th.</span> 734</span>, <span class="bibl">Plin.<span class="title">HN</span>30.52</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">V</span> [[anything shaped like a hook]]: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> [[a jagged bit]] for hard-mouthed horses, Lat. [[lupus]], Plu.2.641f; cf. [[λυκοσπάς]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[hook]] or [[knocker]] on a door, Hsch. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[flesh-hook]], <span class="bibl">Poll. 10.98</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VI</span> nickname of [[παιδερασταί]], <span class="title">AP</span>12.250 (Strat.), cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span> 241d</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VII</span> [[the flower of the iris]], Philin. ap. <span class="bibl">Ath.15.682a</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">VIII</span> a kind of [[noose]], <span class="bibl">Gal.<span class="title">UP</span>7.14</span>, Heraclas ap.<span class="bibl">Orib.48.7</span>, <span class="title">Hippiatr.</span>74. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IX</span> [[a pastille used in dysentery]], <span class="bibl">Aët.9.49</span> (Latin version). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">X</span> = [[ὀροβάγχη]], [[varia lectio|v.l.]] in marg. of Dsc.2.142. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">XI</span> an engine of war for defending gates, <span class="bibl">Procop.<span class="title">Goth.</span>1.21</span>. (Cf. Skt. <b class="b2">vŕ[null ]kas</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">vi[ltilde]kas</b>, Slav. [[vlǔkǔ]], Goth. [[wulfs]].) </span>

|etymtx=Grammatical information: m.<br />Meaning: [[wolf]] (Il.); often metaph., a. o. as name of a kind of daw (Arist.; v. l. [[λύκιος]], cf. Thompson Birds s. v.), of a fish (Hikes. ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 105), = [[hook]], [[sting]] (Plu., Poll.) etc.<br />Compounds: Compp., e.g. <b class="b3">Λυκό-(Ϝ)οργος</b> > [[Λυκοῦργος]] prop. "holding off the wolves " ([[εἴργω]]), <b class="b3">Λυκοσ-ούρα</b> town in Arcadia, after the contraction <b class="b3">Κυνοσ-ούρα</b> (Risch IF 59, 266 w. n. 1); <b class="b3">λυκ-αψός</b> (<b class="b3">λύκ-</b>) m., also <b class="b3">-ψίς</b> f., name of a venomous plant, [[Echium italicum]] (Nic., Dsc., Gal.), prop. "attacking wolves" (cf. Strömberg Wortstudien 100f. on [[χορδαψός]]), because of its poison as <b class="b3">λυκο-κτόνον</b> a. o. (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 66 u. 70 f.); but see s.v.<br />Derivatives: Feminines: [[λύκαινα]] [[she-wolf]] (Arist.; after [[λέαινα]] etc.) with <b class="b3">-αίνιον</b> (Poll.; of a woman); [[λυκώ]] name of the moon (PMag. Par.); diminut.: [[λυκιδεύς]] m. [[younger wolf]] (Sol. ap. Plu., Theoc.; Boßhardt 65), <b class="b3">λυκίσκος ἡ μη ἔχουσα ἀξονίσκον τροχαλία</b>, <b class="b3">τρῆμα δε μόνον</b> H.; also PN (Schwyzer 542). Further: [[λυκέη]], <b class="b3">-ῆ</b> [[wolfsskin]] (K 459 a.o.), <b class="b3">λύκειος δορά</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (E. Rh. 208), substantiv. [[λυκεία]] f. (Plb. 6, 22, 3); [[λυκώδης]] [[wolf-like]] (Arist.), [[λυκηδόν]] [[as a wolf]] (A.), [[λυκηθμός]] [[howling of wolves]] (Anon. ap. Suid.; after [[μυκηθμός]]); [[λυκόομαι]] [[be lacerated by wolves]] (X.). On [[λύσσα]] s. v.<br />Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1178] <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> [[wolf]]<br />Etymology: With [[λύκος]] agrees formally exactly the Northgerm. name of the lynx, Swed. [[lō]] (PGm. <b class="b2">*luha-</b> from IE <b class="b2">*luko-</b>; s. 2. [[λύγξ]]). But of course one prefers to connect the widespread name of the wolf, which is preserved e. g. in Skt. <b class="b2">vŕ̥ka-</b>, Lith. <b class="b2">vil̃kas</b>, OCS [[vlьkъ]], Goth. [[wulfs]], Alb. [[ulk]]. With the resulting IE <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> can [[λύκος]] be combined if we assume, that the labiovelar coloured the preceding sonant with loss of the labialisation, cf. Schwyzer 298 and 352; s. also on [[κύκλος]]. A comparable problem gives Lat. [[lupus]]. Far remains however Arm. [[gayl]] (rather to Ir. [[gāel]] [[wolf]] with Fick 2, 259 a. o.). With the name of the wolf taboo-ideas may have played a part (Havers Sprachtabu 37ff.) which may have caused phonetic irregularities. Also for IE <b class="b2">*u̯l̥kʷos</b> such an origin is possible; the interpretation as [[lacerater]] (to <b class="b2">u̯el(k</b>)- [[lacerate]] not counting the labiovelar; s. Specht KZ 66, 26f.) remains hypothetic. - Details in WP. 1, 316f., Pok. 1178f., W.-Hofmann s. [[lupus]], Vasmer s. [[volk]]; also Benveniste BSL 44, 53.

|ftr='''λύκος''': {lúkos}<br />'''Grammar''': m.<br />'''Meaning''': [[Wolf]] (seit Il.); oft übertr., u. a. als N. einer Art Dohle (Arist.; v. l. [[λύκιος]], vgl. Thompson Birds s. v.), eines Fisches (Hikes. ap. Ath.; Strömberg Fischnamen 105), = [[Haken]], [[Angel]] (Plu., Poll.) usw.<br />'''Composita''' : Kompp., z.B. Λυκό-(ϝ)οργος > [[Λυκοῦργος]] eig. "die Wölfe abhaltend" ([[εἴργω]]), Λυκοσούρα Stadt in Arkadien, nach der Zusammenrückung Κυνοσούρα (Risch IF 59, 266 m. A. 1); λυκαψός (λύκ-) m., auch -ψίς f., N. einer giftigen Pflanze, [[Echium italicum]] (Nik., Dsk., Gal. u. a.), eig. "Wölfe angreifend" (vgl. Strömberg Wortstudien 100f. über [[χορδαψός]]), wegen der Giftigkeit wie λυκοκτόνον u. a. (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 66 u. 70 f.).<br />'''Derivative''': Ableitungen. Feminina: [[λύκαινα]] [[Wölfin]] (Arist. u.a.; nach [[λέαινα]] usw.) mit -αίνιον (Poll.; von einer Frau); [[λυκώ]] Bein. des Mondes (''PMag''. ''Par''.); Deminutiva: [[λυκιδεύς]] m. [[junger Wolf]] (Sol. ap. Plu., Theok.; Boßhardt 65), [[λυκίσκος]]· ἡ μὴ ἔχουσα ἀξονίσκον [[τροχαλία]], [[τρῆμα]] δὲ μόνον H.; auch PN (Schwyzer 542). Sonstiges: [[λυκέη]], -ῆ [[Wolfshaut]] (Κ 459 u.a.), [[λύκειος]] [[δορά]] ib. (E. ''Rh''. 208), substantiviert [[λυκεία]] f. (Plb. 6, 22, 3); [[λυκώδης]] [[wolfsähnlich]] (Arist.), [[λυκηδόν]] [[nach Wolfsart]] (A.), [[λυκηθμός]] [[Wolfsgeheul]] (Anon. ap. Suid.; nach [[μυκηθμός]]); λυκόομαι [[von Wölfen zerrissen werden]] (X.). Zu [[λύσσα]] s. bes. Vgl. noch zu [[Λυκηγενής]].<br />'''Etymology''' : Zu [[λύκος]] stimmt formal genau der nordgerm. Name des Luchses, schwed. ''lō'' (urg. *''luha''- aus idg. *''luko''-; s. 2. [[λύγξ]]). Aber selbstverständlich will man eher bei dem weitverbreiteten Namen des Wolfes Anschluß suchen, der u. a. in aind. ''vŕ̥ka''-, lit. ''vil̃kas'', aksl. ''vlьkъ'', got. ''wulfs'', alb. ''ulk'' erhalten ist. Mit dem daraus sich ergebenden idg. *''u̯l̥qʷos'' ist auch [[λύκος]] vereinbar unter der Bedingung, daß der Labiovelar den vorangehenden Sonanten gefärbt hat unter gleichzeitigem Verlust der eigenen Labialisation, vgl. Schwyzer 298 und 352; s. auch zu [[κύκλος]]. Ein ähnliches Problem bietet lat. ''lupus''. Fern bleibt dagegen unter allen Umständen arm. ''gayl'' (eher zu ir. ''gāel'' [[Wolf]] mit Fick 2, 259 u. a.). Bekanntlich haben bei der Namengebung des Wolfs Tabuvorstellungen eine große Rolle gespielt (Havers Sprachtabu 37ff. m. Lit.) und auch lautliche Entgleisungen herbeiführen können. Auch für idg. *''u̯l̥qʷos'' ist ein derartiger Ursprung möglich; die Deutung als [[Zerreißer]] (zu ''u̯el''(''q'')- [[zerreißen]] ungeachtet des Labiovelars; zuletzt Specht KZ 66, 26f.) bleibt hypothetisch. — Einzelheiten m. reicher Lit. bei WP. 1, 316f., Pok. 1178f., W.-Hofmann s. ''lupus'', Vasmer s. ''volk''; dazu Benveniste BSL 44, 53.<br />'''Page''' 2,143-144