γράμμα: Difference between revisions

|Definition=ατος, τό, Dor. [[γράθμα]], prob. in <span class="title">IG</span>4.506 (Heraeum, vi/v B. C.), cf. <span class="title">An.Ox.</span>1.102, but [[γράσσμα]], <span class="title">IG</span>4.554 (Argos, v B. C.): late Aeol. pl. γρόππατα, <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>990.11 (Balbilla): ([[γράφω]]):— <span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[that which is drawn]]: pl., [[lines of a drawing]], [[picture]], etc., <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Ion</span>1146</span> (of [[tapestry]]), <span class="bibl">Theoc.15.81</span>; [[picture]], Ἀπέλλεω γ. <span class="bibl">Herod.4.73</span>, cf. <span class="title">AP</span> 6.352 (Erinna): sg., [[drawing]], [[picture]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>472d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cra.</span>430e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">431c</span>: pl., [[figure]]s in a [[picture]], <span class="bibl">Procop.Gaz.<span class="title">Ecphr.</span>p.157B.</span> </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> [[written character]], [[letter]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.139</span>, <span class="bibl">148</span>, etc.: in plural, [[letter]]s, [[character]]s, γραμμάτων τε συνθέσεις <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>460</span>; πηλίκοις γράμματα <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ep.Gal.</span>6.11</span>; the [[letter]]s, the [[alphabet]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.5.58</span>; τὰ γράμματα καὶ τὰς συλλαβάς <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span>390e</span>; γ. Φοινίκια <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>514</span>; [[Ἀσσύρια]], [[Ἑλληνικά]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.4.87</span>; γράμματα [[ἐπίστασθαι]] <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Lg.</span>689d</span>; [[μαθεῖν]] to have [[learn]]t to [[read]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Prt.</span> 325e</span>; γράμματα μὴ εἰδέναι <span class="title">SIG</span>2844.6; <b class="b3">ἐδίδασκες γράμματα, ἐγὼ δ' ἐφοίτων</b> you kept [[school]]—I went there, <span class="bibl">D.18.265</span>; ἤτοι τέθνηκεν ἢ διδάσκει γ. <span class="title">Com.Adesp.</span>20; [[παιδεύειν]] γράμματα <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1337b24</span>; <b class="b3">τέχνη ἡμῶν γράμματα</b> our [[profession]] is that of the [[scribe]], PTeb.316.16 (i A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[articulate sound]], [[letter]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phlb.</span>18c</span>; τὰ γράμματα πάθη ἐστὶ τῆς φωνῆς <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pr.</span>895a12</span>; <b class="b3">γράμματα φθέγγεσθαι</b> ib.<span class="bibl">8</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PA</span>660a5</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">c</span> <b class="b3">παρὰ γράμμα λέγοντα… σκοπεῖν</b> [[etymologically]], <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">MM</span>1185b39</span>; [[τὰ παρὰ γράμμα σκώμματα]] = [[pun]]s, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Rh.</span>1412a28</span>; but <b class="b3">ἀρετὴν παρὰ γ. διώκοντες</b>, with ref. to [[Νικαρέτη]], the [[mistress]] of [[Stilpo]], Crates Theb.1. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">d</span> [[inscription]], τὸ Δελφικὸν γράμμα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phdr.</span>229e</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Chrm.</span>164d</span>, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.24</span>, etc., <span class="title">IG</span> 2.2876, al.: [[proverb|prov.]], εἰς [[πέλαγος]] [[σπέρμα]] [[βαλεῖν]] καὶ γράμματα γράψαι [[ἀμφότερος]] [[μόχθος]] τε κενὸς καὶ [[πρᾶξις]] [[ἄκαρπος]] = [[throwing]] [[seed]]s and [[writing]] [[letter]]s at sea are both a [[vain]] and [[fruitless]] [[endeavour]] <span class="title">Epigr.Gr.</span>1038.8 (Attalia). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in plural, [[note]]s in [[music]], <span class="title">AP</span>11.78 (Lucill.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[mathematical]] [[diagram]], Epigr. ap. <span class="bibl">D.L.8.12</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[letter]] [[inscribe]]d on the lots which the [[δικασταί]] drew, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Pl.</span>277</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Ath.</span>64.4</span>; practically, = [[division]] of dicasts, ἐν ὁποίῳ γ. δειπνεῖ <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>683</span>; <b class="b3">ἁ κατὰ γράμμα φυλακά</b> the [[roster]] of [[guard]]s, <span class="title">SIG</span>569.21 (Cos, iii B. C.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[quarter]]s of a [[town]], <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PRein.</span>49.2</span>; [[accent]], EM240.42, Zonar. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> a small weight, ''1''/<span class="bibl">24</span> [[ounce]], [[scruple]], Androm. ap. Gal.13.114, <span class="title">Gp.</span>7.13.2, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">PLips.</span>62 ii 27</span> (iv A. D.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> in plural, [[set of written characters]], [[piece of writing]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.124</span>: hence, [[letter]], <span class="bibl">Id.5.14</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>22.103.8, etc.; γραμμάτων πτυχαί <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Fr.</span>144</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">IT</span>594</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ep.</span>347c</span>; [[inscription]], [[epitaph]], etc., ἐκόλαψε ἐς τὸν τάφον γράμματα λέγοντα τάδε <span class="bibl">Hdt. 1.187</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.91</span>, <span class="bibl">And.3.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Theoc.18.47</span>, <span class="title">IG</span>3.751. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[paper]]s, [[document]]s, <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.30</span>, <span class="bibl">D.36.21</span>, etc. (sg., <span class="bibl">D.Chr.65.14</span>); <b class="b3">τούτων τὰ γράμματα</b> the [[document]]s to [[prove]] this, <span class="bibl">Lys.32.14</span>; τὰ γράμματα τῆς δίκης <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Nu.</span>772</span>; <b class="b3">τὰ δημόσια γράμματα</b> the [[public]] [[record]]s, Decr. ap. <span class="bibl">D.18.55</span>; [[title]]-[[deed]]s, <span class="bibl">D.C.65.14</span>; [[account]] of [[loan]]s, <span class="bibl">D.49.59</span>; [[ἐπικαρπία]]ν ἐν γράμμασιν [[ἀποφέρειν]] <span class="bibl">Pl. <span class="title">Lg.</span>955d</span>; [[contract]] or [[estimate]], <span class="title">BCH</span>46.323 (Teos); [[catalogue]], <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>7.4.12</span>: in sg., [[bond]], Ev. Luc.<span class="bibl">16.7</span>; [[note of hand]], <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">AJ</span>18.6.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> a man's [[writings]], i.e. [[book]], [[treatise]], τὰ τοῦ Ζήνωνος γράμματα <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Prm.</span>127c</span> (but sg., ib.<span class="bibl">128a</span>): pl., [[book]]s, <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Mem.</span>4.2.1</span>; Πλάτωνος τὸ περὶ ψυχῆς γράμμα <span class="bibl">Call.<span class="title">Epigr.</span>25</span>, cf. <span class="title">AP</span>9.63 (Asclep.), Gal.18(2).928; <b class="b3">τὰ ἱερὰ γράμματα</b> = the [[Holy Scriptures]], <span class="title">OGI</span>56.36 (iii B. C.), <span class="bibl">Ph.2.574</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">2 Ep.Ti.</span>3.15</span>, <span class="bibl">J.<span class="title">Ap.</span>1.10</span>; <b class="b3">ἱερὰ γράμματα</b> = [[imperial]] [[rescript]]s, IG12(5).132 (Paros, iii A. D.); = [[hieroglyphics]], <span class="title">OGI</span>90.54 (Rosetta, ii B. C.): in sg., the [[law|Law]] of [[Moses]], <span class="title">Ep.Rom.</span>2.27, al.; opp. [[πνεῦμα]], ib.29: sg., [[article]] of a [[treaty]], <span class="bibl">Th. 5.29</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[law]]s or [[rule]]s, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>425b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Plt.</span>292a</span>, al., <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ec.</span>1050</span>; κατὰ γράμματα [[ἄρχειν]], opp. [[ἄνευ]] γραμμάτων [[ἄρχειν]], <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>293a</span>; ἡ κατὰ γράμματα καὶ νόμους [[πολιτεία]] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1286a15</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1272a38</span>: <b class="b3">οἱ κατὰ γράμματα νόμοι</b>, opp. <b class="b3">οἱ κατὰ τὰ ἔθη νόμοι</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1287b5</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Plt.</span>299d</span>; κατὰ γράμματα [[ἰατρεύεσθαι]] <span class="bibl">Arist.<span class="title">Pol.</span>1287a34</span>; ἡ ἐκ τῶν γραμμάτων [[θεραπεία]] ib.<span class="bibl">40</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">IV</span> in plural, also, [[letter]]s, [[learning]], ἀπείρους γραμμάτων <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>26d</span>, etc.</span>