πένομαι: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: v.<br />Meaning: <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide</b> (Il.), <b class="b2">to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.</b> (Sol., trag., Pl.).<br />Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.<br />Compounds: Often w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, also w. <b class="b3">συν-</b>.<br />Derivatives: 1. [[πενία]], ion. <b class="b3">-ίη</b> f. [[poverty]], [[lack]] (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. <b class="b3">πενιχρ-ός</b> <b class="b2">poor, devoid of smth.</b> (γ 348; cf. zu [[μελιχρός]] s. [[μέλι]]) with <b class="b3">-ότης</b> f. (S. E.). <b class="b3">-αλέος</b> <b class="b2">id.</b> (AP). 3. [[πένης]], <b class="b3">-ητος</b> m. (f. <b class="b3">πένησσα πτωχή</b> H.) <b class="b2">who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor</b> in opposition both to [[πλούσιος]] and to [[πτωχός]] = [[begging]], [[destitute]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">πενέσ-τερος</b>, <b class="b3">-τατος</b> (X., D.); after <b class="b3">ἀσθενέσ-τερος</b> a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from <b class="b3">*πενετ-τερος</b>); from it <b class="b3">πενητ-εύω</b> to [[be poor]] (Emp.), <b class="b3">-υλίδας</b> m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. <b class="b3">*Πενητ-ύλος</b> (as <b class="b3">Φειδ-ύλος</b>, <b class="b3">Πενθ-ύλος</b> a.o.). -- 4. [[πόνος]] m. <b class="b2">(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour</b> (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. <b class="b3">παυσί-πονος</b> [[ending pain]] (E., Ar. in lyr.); but <b class="b3">ματαιο-πόνος</b> a.o. to [[πονέομαι]], s. v. From it <b class="b3">πον-ηρός</b> [[toilsome]], [[useless]], [[bad]], [[evil]] (IA.) with <b class="b3">-ηρία</b>, <b class="b3">-ηρεύομαι</b>, <b class="b3">-ήρευμα</b>; [[πονόεις]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative [[πονέομαι]], also w. <b class="b3">ἀμφι-</b>, <b class="b3">δια-</b> a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), [[πονέω]], also w. <b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">ἐκ-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b> a.o. (posthom.) <b class="b2">to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer</b>, trans. [[to cause pain]]. As 2. member a.o. in <b class="b3">ματαιο-πονέω</b> [[to labour in vain]] (Democr.) with <b class="b3">-πονία</b> (Str.), <b class="b3">-πόνημα</b> (Iamb.), <b class="b3">-πόνος</b> (Plu., Gal.). From it <b class="b3">πόν-ημα</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>) n. [[labour]], [[work]] (Pl., E. u.a.), <b class="b3">-ησις</b> (<b class="b3">δια-</b>, <b class="b3">κατα-</b>) f. [[labour]], [[effort]] (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. <b class="b3">διάπον-ος</b> [[working hard]], [[weary]] (Plu.) from <b class="b3">δια-πονέω</b>. 6. Beside it [[πονάω]] only in [[ἐπονάθη]] (Pi.) and [[ἐπόνασαν]] (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present [[πένομαι]], which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative [[πονέομαι]], <b class="b3">-έω</b> and by its synonyms, e.g. [[κάμνω]], [[δέω]], is in the epos used especially of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning [[want]], [[lack]], [[be poor]] (from where [[πενία]] and [[πενιχρός]] already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. [[laborare]] [[exert oneself]], also [[be in need]], [[be pressed]] (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that [[πένομαι]] orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for [[stretch]], [[twist]], [[weave]] in Lith. <b class="b2">pìnti</b> [[twist]], OCS <b class="b2">pęti</b> [[stretch]], Arm. [[hanum]] and [[henum]] [[weave]], further OHG etc. [[spin]]. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been [[unharness]], one may also from there through [[harness oneself]] come to [[exert oneself]] (cf. Arm. [[y-enum]] [[stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders]]?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. [[pendeō]]. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of [[πένητες]] and [[πλούσιοι]] and synonyms and of [[πενία]] and [[πλοῦτος]] s. J. Hemelrijk [[Πενία]] [[en]] [[Πλοῦτος]]. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. [[πεῖνα]] und [[σπάνις]].