καλός: Difference between revisions

|etymtx=Grammatical information: adj.<br />Meaning: [[beautiful]], [[noble]], [[good]] (Il.); on the meaning Smothers Traditio 5 (1947) 1-57, also Kretschmer Glotta 22, 261.<br />Other forms: Primary comp. [[καλλίων]] (Alc. ntr. [[κάλιον]] [s. below], El. [[καλιτερος]] [graphic?], rarely [[καλώτερος]], [[καλλιώτερος]]), [[κάλλιστος]]; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98) [[καλλά]]; cf. Wackernagel Unt. 87f.<br />Dialectal forms: ep. Ion. [[καλός]], Boeot. [[καλϜος]]<br />Compounds: As 1. member rare (for <b class="b3">καλλι-</b>, <b class="b3">εὑ-</b>), e. g. <b class="b3">καλό-φυλλος</b> [[with beautiful leaves]] (Thphr.; after <b class="b3">μακρό-</b>, <b class="b3">λειό-φυλλος</b> etc.); as 2. member e. g. <b class="b3">ἀπειρό-καλος</b> [[not knowing what is beautiful]] (Pl.; from <b class="b3">τὸ καλόν</b>). Note esp. [[καλοκἀγαθία]] (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of <b class="b3">καλὸς κ(αὶ</b>) [[ἀγαθός]] (IA.; see Berlage Mnemos. 60, 20ff.)<br />Derivatives: [[καλότης]] [[beauty]] (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). - With geminate: 1. [[κάλλος]] n. [[beauty]] (Il.), as 2. member e. g. in <b class="b3">περι-καλλής</b> [[very beautiful]] (Il., bahuvrihi); from there [[κάλλιμος]] [[beautiful]] (Od., h. Hom.; after [[κύδιμος]], s. Arbenz Die Adj. auf <b class="b3">-ιμος</b> 10ff.), [[καλλύνω]] [[give beauty]], [[make beautiful]], [[sweep]] (S., Pl., Arist.) with [[καλλυντής]] [[sweeper]] (pap. IIa), [[κάλλυντρον]] [[broom]], also name of a shrub (Arist.), [[κάλλυνθρον]] [[duster]] (LXX, pap.), [[καλλυντήρια]] n. pl. name of a purification feast (Phot., EM), [[καλλύσματα]] pl. [[dust]] (Keos). Fom [[κάλλος]] further [[καλλονή]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (cf. [[ἡδονή]]), [[καλλοσύνη]] <b class="b2">id.</b> (E.). - 2. compar. [[καλλίων]], [[κάλλιστος]] (Il.); from there [[καλλιόομαι]] [[be made more beautiful]] (LXX), [[καλλιστεύω]], <b class="b3">-ομαι</b> [[be the most beautiful]] (Ion.) with [[καλλιστεῖον]], [[καλλίστευμα]] [[sacrifice of the most beautiful]], [[price of beauty]], [[price of honour]] (S., E., inscr.). - 3. <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> as 1. member (Il.); e. g. <b class="b3">καλλι-γύναικ-α</b>, <b class="b3">-ος</b>, <b class="b3">-ι</b> [[with beutiful women]] (cf. Sommer Nominalkomp. 62), also in PN, from where short names like [[Καλλίας]] etc.<br />Origin: XX [etym. unknown]<br />Etymology: From Att. [[καλός]] and Ion. [[καλός]], both from [[καλϜός]] (see Sommer Nominalkomp. 59 n. 3), deviate the noun [[κάλλος]], the compar. forms [[καλλίων]], [[κάλλιστος]] and the 1. member <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> through the gemination. An explanation is still wanting. The for [[κάλλος]] (and [[καλλίων]], [[κάλλιστος]], cf. Benveniste Origines 84; analogical <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> ?) proposed basis <b class="b3">*κάλ-νος</b> or <b class="b3">*κάλ-ι̯ος</b> (hardly to Skt. <b class="b2">kalya-</b>, s. below) do not inspire confidence, as [[κάλλος]] seems a Greek innovation; cf. Chantraine Formation 416f. The assumpion of an expressive gemination (Chantraine) is possible, but is only an emergency solution. For <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> too there is no good explanation. Beside <b class="b3">καλ-Ϝός</b> with old <b class="b2">u̯o-</b>suffix one would expect as 1. member <b class="b3">καλι-</b> (retained in [[κάλιον]] [Alc.]?), which Wackernagel KZ 61, 191ff. (= Kl. Schr. 1, 352ff.) finds back in Skt. <b class="b2">kaly-ā́ṇa-</b> [[beautiful]] (prop. <b class="b2">with beautiful arms, λευκώλενος</b>?; cf. on [[ὠλένη]]); rejected by Mayrhofer Wb. s. <b class="b2">kalyaḥ</b>1). After Schwyzer 447 n. 6 <b class="b3">καλλ-</b> would come from antevocalic <b class="b3">*καλ</b>ι̯-, from where <b class="b3">καλλι-</b> and as backformation [[κάλλος]] etc. Diff. Risch par. 62a : <b class="b3">-λλ-</b> from a comparative <b class="b3">*κάλλων</b> < <b class="b3">*καλι̯ων</b>, from where [[κάλλιστος]] etc.? Similarly Seiler Steigerungsformen 68ff.: a comp. ntr. <b class="b3">*κάλλον</b> < <b class="b3">*κάλι̯ον</b> was considered as positive and resulted in [[κάλλιον]], [[καλλίων]] (from where [[κάλλιστος]] etc.). - The only non-Greek comparison is Skt. <b class="b2">kalyā́ṇa-</b>, with ep. class. <b class="b2">kalya-</b> [[robust]], [[prepared]]. The Germanic words, ONo. <b class="b2">hǫldr</b> and OHG [[helid]] [[warrior]], [[Held]] must be kept separated.