πρό: Difference between revisions

|Definition=<span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> [[before]], [[forth]]: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">A</span> PREP. WITH GENIT.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> of [[place]], [[before]], [[in front of]], ἠγερέθοντο πρὸ ἄστεος <span class="bibl">Od.24.468</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.15.351</span>, etc.; πρὸ πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον <span class="bibl">19.292</span>; κείνους κιχησόμεθα πρὸ πυλάων <span class="bibl">10.126</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">6.80</span>, etc.; φύλοπις αἰνὴ ἕστηκε πρὸ νεῶν <span class="bibl">18.172</span>; πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι πρὸ <span class="bibl">8.561</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">10.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Od.8.581</span>, etc.; κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι πρὸ <span class="bibl">Il.3.3</span>; πρὸ τειχέων <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">O.</span>13.56</span>; <b class="b3">ἔμπροσθε πρό</b> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]) τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.53</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">9.52</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ δόμων, πρὸ δωμάτων</b>, [[in front of]], i.e. [[outside]] the [[house]], <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>2.18</span>, <span class="bibl">5.96</span>, etc.; πρὸ θυρῶν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>109</span> (anap.), etc.; <b class="b3">τὴν πρὸ τοῦ Ἡραίου νῆσον</b> [[before]] or [[off]] the [[Heraeum]], <span class="bibl">Th.3.75</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">7.22</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ ποδός</b>, v. [[πούς]] <span class="bibl">1.4a</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ χειρῶν</b> [[at]] hand, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>1279</span>, <span class="bibl">E. <span class="title">Rh.</span>274</span>, dub. in <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Tr.</span>1207</span>; πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεσθαι <span class="bibl">Aeschin. 2.148</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> with Vbs. of motion, πρὸ δ' ἄρ' αὐτῶν κύνες ἤϊσαν <span class="bibl">Od. 19.435</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Il.23.115</span>; πρὸ Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ᾔει <span class="bibl">10.286</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">13.693</span>; πρὸ ἕθεν κλονέοντα φάλαγγας <span class="bibl">5.96</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[before]], [[in front of]], for the purpose of shielding or guarding, πρὸ Τρώων ἑσταότ' <span class="bibl">Il.24.215</span>: hence, [[in defence of]], μάχεσθαι . . πρὸ τε παίδων καὶ πρὸ γυναικῶν <span class="bibl">8.57</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">4.156</span>, <span class="bibl">373</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.8.74</span>, etc.; [[ὀλέσθαι πρὸ πόληος]], [[die for the fatherland]], [[die for one's country]], Lat. [[pro patria mori]], <span class="bibl">Il.22.110</span>; πρὸ τῆς Σπάρτης ἀποθνῄσκειν <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.134</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">172</span>,<span class="bibl">9.72</span>, <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Alc.</span>18</span>, <span class="bibl">645</span>, etc.; πρὸ τοῦ θανόντος . . ἔθεσθ' ἐπιστροφήν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>134</span>; διακινδυνεῦσαι πρὸ βασιλέως <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span>8.8.4</span>; <b class="b3">βουλεύεσθαι, πράττειν πρὸ τινός</b>, ib.<span class="bibl">1.6.42</span>, <span class="bibl">4.5.44</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Mem.</span>2.4.7</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ τοξευμάτων</b> as a [[defence]] [[against]] [[arrow]]s, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">An.</span>7.8.18</span>: hence also, [[for]], [[on behalf of]], [[instead of]]>, <b class="b3">ἀγρυπνῆσαι πρὸ τινῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">7.6.36</span>, cf. <span class="title">Leg.Gort.</span>1.43; of an [[advocate]], πρὸ τῶνδε φωνεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">OT</span>10</span>, cf. <span class="bibl"><span class="title">OC</span>811</span>; <b class="b3">ὄτι δέ κ' αὐτὸς πρὸ Ειαυτοῦ [ἀμάρτῃ</b>] whatever offence he commits [[of]] his own [[volition]], Kohler-Ziebarth [[Stadtrecht von Gortyn]] <span class="bibl">p.34</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> <b class="b3">πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο</b> [[further on]] the road, i.e. [[forwards]], [[onward]], <span class="bibl">Il.4.382</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>3.16</span>,<span class="bibl">7.29</span> (v. [[φροῦδος]]): also to denote [[distance]], πρὸ πολλοῦ τῆς πόλεως <span class="bibl">D.H.9.35</span>; πρὸ τριάκοντα σταδίων [[at a distance of]] <span class="bibl">30</span> stades, <span class="bibl">Str.8.6.24</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> <b class="b3">πρὸ ἠοῦς, πρὸ ἑσπέρης τοῦ βωμοῦ</b>, [[eastwards]], [[westwards]] of. ., <span class="title">IG</span>7.235.45 (Orop., iv B.C.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> of [[time]], [[before]], πρὸ γάμοιο <span class="bibl">Od.15.524</span>; ἠῶθι πρὸ <span class="bibl">5.469</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν</b> one [[before]] the other, <span class="bibl">Il.10.224</span>; more freq. in later writers, πρὸ τῶν Τρωικῶν <span class="bibl">Th.1.3</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">1.1</span>; πρὸ τοῦ θανεῖν <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Ant.</span>883</span>; πρὸ τοῦ θανάτου <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Phd.</span>57a</span>; πρὸ τοῦ λοιμοῦ <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Smp.</span>201d</span>; πρὸ δείπνου <span class="bibl">X.<span class="title">Cyr.</span> 5.5.39</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ ἡμέρας</b> ib.<span class="bibl">4.5.14</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ τοῦ χρῆσθαι</b> [[before]] one uses it, <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Mem.</span>2.6.6</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ μοίρας τῆς ἐμῆς</b> [[before]] my doom, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1266</span>; πρὸ τῆς εἱμαρμένης <span class="bibl">Antipho 1.21</span>; πρὸ τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου <span class="bibl">Aeschin.3.126</span>, cf. 124; <b class="b3">πρὸ πολλοῦ</b> long [[before]], <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.130</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πρὸ μικροῦ, πρὸ ὀλίγου</b>, <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Pomp.</span>73</span>, <span class="bibl">App.<span class="title">BC</span>2.116</span>; ὀλίγον πρὸ τούτων <span class="bibl">Th.2.8</span>; <b class="b3">τὸ πρὸ τοῦ</b> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]] [[τούτου]]) ib.<span class="bibl">15</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ τοῦ</b> (sts. written [[προτοῦ]]) <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Ag.</span>1204</span>, <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.122</span>, <span class="bibl">5.83</span>, <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Th.</span>418</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Smp.</span>173a</span>; ὁ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνος <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Eu.</span>462</span>, <span class="bibl">Th.2.58</span>, etc.; <b class="b3">πρὸ τοῦ ἤ</b>, = [[πρὶν ἤ]], <span class="title">IG</span>7.2225.22 (Thisbe); οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν γενόμενοι <span class="bibl">Isoc.13.19</span>; οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ <span class="bibl">Th.1.97</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> in later writers freq. with Numerals, <b class="b3">πρὸ τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν</b> thirty days [[before]], <span class="bibl">Ael.<span class="title">NA</span>5.52</span>; πρὸ μιᾶς ἡμέρας <span class="bibl">Plu.<span class="title">Caes.</span>63</span>; πρὸ ἐνιαυτοῦ Id.2.147e; πρὸ δυεῖν ἡμερῶν ἢ ἐτελεύτα <span class="bibl">Id.<span class="title">Sull.</span>37</span>: freq. c. dupl. gen., <b class="b3">πρὸ δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, πρὸ δύο ὡρῶν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς</b>, <span class="bibl">LXX <span class="title">Am.</span>1.1</span>, Dsc.1.64; <b class="b3">πρὸ ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, πρὸ μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῶν γενεθλίων</b>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Ev.Jo.</span>12.1</span>, Plu. 2.717d; πρὸ πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς <span class="bibl">Luc.<span class="title">Sat.</span>14</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> in rendering Roman dates, <b class="b3">τῇ πρὸ μιᾶς Νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων</b>, = <b class="b2">pridie Non. Oct</b>., Plu.2.203a, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> in other relations: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> of Preference, [[before]], [[rather than]], <b class="b3">κέρδος αἰνῆσαι πρὸ δίκας</b> to praise sleight [[before]] right, <span class="bibl">Pi.<span class="title">P.</span>4.140</span>, cf. <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>361e</span>; <b class="b3">πᾶν δὴ βουλόμενοι σφίσι εἶναι πρὸ τῆς παρεούσης λύπης</b> anything [[before]], [[rather than]], their actual trouble, <span class="bibl">Hdt.7.152</span> (so, [[in order to avoid]], πρὸ τοῦ δεινοτάτου <span class="bibl">D.54.19</span>); πᾶν πρὸ τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν <span class="bibl">Th.5.100</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">4.59</span>; [[ἑλέσθαι]], [[αἱρεῖσθαι]], or <b class="b3">κρῖναί τι πρὸ τινός</b> to choose one [[before]] another, <span class="bibl">Id.5.36</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">R.</span>366b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phlb.</span>57e</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ πολλοῦ ποιήσασθαι</b> to esteem [[above]] much, i.e. very highly, <span class="bibl">Isoc.5.138</span>; πρὸ πολλῶν χρημάτων τιμήσασθαί τι <span class="bibl">Th.1.33</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">6.10</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ ἄλλων</b> [[more than]] others, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Mx.</span>249e</span> ([[varia lectio|v.l.]]), cf. <span class="bibl">A. <span class="title">Th.</span>1002</span>; <b class="b3">δυσδαίμων . . πρὸ πασᾶν γυναικῶν</b> ib.<span class="bibl">927</span> (codd., lyr.); πρὸ πάντων θεῶν τῇ Ἑστίᾳ πρώτῃ προθύειν <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Cra.</span> 401d</span>: after a Comp. it is redundant, ἡ τυραννὶς πρὸ ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον <span class="bibl">Hdt.1.62</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">6.12</span>, <span class="bibl">Pl.<span class="title">Ap.</span>28d</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Cri.</span>54b</span>, <span class="bibl"><span class="title">Phd.</span>99a</span>; for [[ἤ]] after ἄλλος, οὐδεὶς ἄλλος πρὸ σεῦ <span class="bibl">Hdt.3.85</span>, cf.<span class="bibl">7.3</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> of Cause or Motive, [[for]], [[from]], <b class="b3">πρὸ φόβοιο</b> [[for]] fear, <span class="bibl">Il.17.667</span>; <b class="b3">ἀθλεύων πρὸ ἄνακτος</b> toiling [[before the face of]], i.e. [[in]] his [[service]], <span class="bibl">24.734</span>; <b class="b3">πρὸ τῶνδε</b> there [[fore]], <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">El.</span>495</span> (lyr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">B</span> POSITION: words may be put between [[π]]. and its case, <span class="bibl">Il.23.115</span>; but it does not follow its case, exc. after Ep.forms in <b class="b3">-θι, Ἰλιόθι πρό, οὐρανόθι πρό, ἠῶθι πρό</b> (v. supr.). </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">C</span> [[πρό]], abs. as ADV.: </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> of [[place]], [[before]], opp. [[ἐπί]] ([[after]]), <span class="bibl">Il. 13.799</span>, <span class="bibl">800</span>; [[before]], [[in front]], <span class="bibl">15.360</span>; [[forth]], [[forward]], ἐκ δ' ἄγαγε πρὸ φόωσδε <span class="bibl">19.118</span>; <b class="b3">χωρεῖν πρὸ δόμων</b> to come [[forth]] from, <span class="bibl">S.<span class="title">Tr.</span>960</span> (lyr.); ἄγειν τινὰ πρὸ δόμων <span class="bibl">E.<span class="title">Hec.</span>59</span> (anap.); <b class="b3">γῆν πρὸ γῆς ἐλαύνομαι</b> I am driven [[on]] from one land to another, <span class="bibl">A.<span class="title">Pr.</span>682</span>; διώκειν γῆν πρὸ γῆς <span class="bibl">Ar.<span class="title">Ach.</span>235</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> of [[time]], [[before]], πρό οἱ εἴπομεν <span class="bibl">Od.1.37</span>; [[earlier]], τά τ' ἐσσόμενα πρὸ τ' ἐόντα <span class="bibl">Hes. <span class="title">Th.</span>32</span>,<span class="bibl">38</span>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> when joined with other Preps., <b class="b3">ἀποπρό, διαπρό, ἐπιπρό, περιπρό, προπρό</b>, it strengthens the first Prep., or adds to it the notion of [[forward]], [[forth]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">D</span> [[πρό]] IN COMPOS. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">I</span> with Substs., to denote </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> [[position before]] or [[in front]], <b class="b3">πρόδομος, προάστιον, πρόθυρον, προπύλαια</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[priority of rank]], [[πρόεδρος]], [[προεδρία]], etc.: also [[priority of order]], <b class="b3">προάγων, πρόλογος, προοίμιον, προπάτωρ</b>, etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> standing [[in]] another's [[place]], [[πρόμαντις]], [[πρόξενος]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">II</span> with Adjs., to denote </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> [[proximity]], <b class="b3">πρόχειρος;</b> and [[readiness]], [[πρόθυμος]], [[πρόφρων]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[away]] (cf. 111.3 infr.), [[προθέλυμνος]], [[πρόρριζος]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[prematureness]], [[πρόμοιρος]], [[πρόωρος]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[intensity]], <b class="b3">πρόπας, πρόπαρ, προπάροιθε;</b> so also [[πρόκακος]], [[πρόπαλαι]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">III</span> with Verbs, </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">1</span> of [[place]], [[before]], [[forwards]], [[προβαίνω]], [[προβάλλω]], [[προτίθημι]], etc.: also, [[before]], [[in defence]], [[προκινδυνεύω]], [[προμάχομαι]], etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">2</span> [[forth]], [[προέλκω]], [[προφέρω]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">b</span> [[publicly]], [[προγράφω]], [[προειπεῖν]], [[πρόκειμαι]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">3</span> [[away]], <b class="b3">προδίδωμι, προϊάλλω, προϊάπτω, προΐημι, προλείπω, προρέω, προτέμνω, προτρέπομαι, προφεύγω, προχέω</b>. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">4</span> [[in preference]], [[προαιροῦμαι]], [[προτιμάω]], etc. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">5</span> [[before]], [[beforehand]], [[προαισθάνομαι]], [[προγίγνομαι]], [[προκαταλαμβάνω]], etc.; of [[fore]]sight, [[προνοέω]], [[προοράω]]. </span><span class="sense"><span class="bld">E</span> Etymology: cf. Lat. <b class="b3">προ-</b>, Slav. <b class="b2">pro-</b>, Skt. <b class="b2">pra-</b>, etc., in compounds.</span>